Adult Attachment Styles and Romantic Relationships Essay

In 1987, the Attachment Theory extended to include the bonds between adults and their romantic partners; the extension includes the concept of the secure, the anxious-preoccupied, the dismissive-avoidant, and the fearful-avoidant attachment styles. Current research, in the form of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, predicts adults exhibit attachment styles during the forming, maintenance, and separation process. The research utilized the experiences in close relationships inventory and the relationship maintenance questionnaire to find their conclusion. The findings concluded the association among the adult attachment features like closeness, safe haven, and secure base develop over time during the forming, maintenance, and separation process. In addition, the conclusion display the effectiveness of both clinical and non clinical exposure treatments in the growth and preservation of the secure attachment style behaviors utilized in romantic relationships. Keywords: attachment styles, romantic relationships, partners, adults, secure, insecure Adult Attachment Styles and Romantic Relationships More than half of the world’s adults are involved in a romantic relationship. The most common romantic relationship includes the sexual dating relationship, the domestic partnership, or the marriage. The adults or partners involved in these relationships inevitably reach a point of conflict. How the relationship partners react to the conflict displays whether the partners are acting as a securely attached person or an insecurely attached person. The securely attached adult portrays a happy person when dealing with relationship issues. Whereas, an insecurely attached adult is an unhappy person when dealing with relationship issues. Adults should strive for the secure attachment style for the best satisfaction level, commitment level, and ability to adapt to change in their romantic relationship. Background In 1952, John Bowlby originally designed the Attachment Theory to explain the bond between a child and people serving in the caregiver capacity (Feldman, 2011). Many theorists began noticing attachment influences the entire human experience. In 1987, Cindy Hazan and Philip Shaver officially applied  Bowlby’s views on attachment to include the bonds between adults and their romantic partners (Nudson-martin, 2012). Hazan and Shaver viewed attachment in adult romantic relationships as a powerful part of an adult’s emotional life, and many of the most secure and insecure behaviors arise during the maintenance of the romantic relationship. Hazan and Shaver noticed the behavioral patterns between a child and its caregiver was similar to the behavioral pattern between an adult and its romantic partner. Similarities like a desire to be close to the attachment figure and using the relationship as a safe haven to explore the world; consequently, Hazan and Shaver used Bowlbyâ₠¬â„¢s concept of attachment styles to categorize the behavioral patterns adults display in different stages of their romantic relationships (Pittman, 2012). Hazan and Shaver developed four adult attachment styles, secure and three insecure types. The adult attachment styles they developed are the secure, the anxious-preoccupied, the dismissive-avoidant, and the fearful-avoidant. The first attachment style is the secure type which corresponds with the secure attachment style in children. The secure adult is warm a responsive in their interactions with their romantic relationship partner. Secure attached adults tend to have positive views of themselves, their partner, and their relationship. The securely attached adult fells comfortable with intimacy and independence. Their relationships are characterized by greater longevity, satisfaction, trust, commitment, and interdependence (Mikulincer *& Shaver, 2012) Secure adults have a tendency to be more satisfied in their relationships than insecure adults. The first insecure attachment style is the anxious-preoccupied, which corresponds to the anxious-ambivalent attachment style in children. The anxious-preoccupied adult seeks high levels of intimacy, approval, and responsiveness from their romantic relationship partner. The anxious-preoccupied adult values intimacy so much they become overly dependent on their relationship partners. They do not value themselves, and blame themselves for their partner’s lack of resp onsiveness. People who are anxious or preoccupied with attachment may exhibit high levels of emotional expressiveness, worry, and impulsiveness in their relationships (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2012). The anxious-preoccupied person is clingy and has low self esteem. Low self esteem and impulsiveness is likely to lead to depression or suicide. The second insecure attachment style is  the dismissive-avoidant, which corresponds to the avoidant attachment style in children. The dismissive-avoidant adult desires a high level of independence from themselves and their relationship partner. They view themselves as self-sufficient, invulnerable to feelings associated with being closely attached to their partner, and close relationships as relatively unimportant. The dismissive-avoidant adult tends to avoid intimacy because their partner is less important. An adult with a dismissive-avoidant attachment style tends to suppress and hide their feelings (Juhl, Sands, & Routledge, 2012). The dismissive-avoidant style is characteristic of young male adults in the dating stage (Poulsen, Holman, Busby, & Carroll, 2013); the young male experiences the lack of responsiveness and the carelessness of other’s feelings. The dismissive-avoidant adult lacks responsiveness and is an ego-maniac. Being, an ego-maniac is likely to lead to dissatisfaction with everyone else. The third insecure attachment style is the fearful-avoidant, which also corresponds to the avoidant attachment style in children. The fearful-avoidant adult usually has experienced some type of emotional or physical abuse, and in turn do not trust their romantic relationship partners. The fearful-avoidant adult experiences mixed feelings. On one hand, they desire to have emotionally close relationships. On the other hand, they tend to feel uncomfortable with emotional closeness. These mixed feelings are combined with, an unconscious view of themselves as unworthy of responsiveness and trust from their partner, and the reverse is true (Juhl et al, 2012). The fearful-avoidant attachment style is also typical of the adults in the remarriage stage (Ehrenberg, Roberts & Pringle, 2012); the divorcee experiences the mixed feelings and the lack of trust. A mix of the other two insecure attachment styles, the fearful-avoidant adult has low self esteem and lacks responsiveness. Discussion The secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant and fearful-avoidant attachment styles share both commonalities and differences. The issue of desiring a romantic relationship is common in the secure, anxious-preoccupied, and sometimes in the fearful-avoidant attachment styles, this meaning these attachment styles lend toward satisfaction in romantic relationships. While the dismissive-avoidant attached adult does  not have the same feelings. Also, the desire to be in a relationship leads to the adult wanting to commit and faces; the adults desires to be in a relationship no matter what happens in the future. The issue of having low self esteem is a common problem in the anxious –preoccupied and fearful-avoidant attachment styles. The low self esteem arises when the adult feels there are unworthy of their partner’s intimacy. Due to this fact, the adults displaying these styles are less sociable. In this case, the adults with low self esteem have low satisfaction w ith themselves, which in turn leads to low satisfaction in their romantic relationship. The low self esteem adult can not fully commit, and can not endure changes. Their own issues lead to them not trusting the commitment and changes displayed by their partner. Additionally, there are commonalities in the issue of responsiveness or responding to the partner when they feel anxiety. The responsiveness issues are a part of all the attachment styles, however responsiveness can range from zero percent to one hundred percent. The zero percent is the dismissive-avoidant attachment style, and the one hundred percent is the secure attachment style. The lack of responsiveness leads to the adult not caring about the outcome or commitment level of the romantic relationship. In addition, the adult that lacks responsiveness does not care about the changes that are likely to arise. A way for researchers to find an adult’s desire to be in a relationship, self esteem, and responsiveness is the strange situation. The strange situation is an observational technique to judge the partners attachment style (Selcuk, Zayas, & Hazan, 2010). The strange situation looks at the secure base and the safe haven. The partner and the relationship are the secure base and safe haven, respectively. The strange situation technique can also be used to change an insecure adult to a secure adult, once they are aware of their attachment style. Adults who appear secure in the strange situation, for example, tend to have a partner who is responsive to them. On the other hand, adults that display one of the insecure attachment styles in the strange situation has a partner who is insensitive to their needs, or inconsistent or rejecting in the love they provide (Edenfield, Adams, & Briihl, 2012). Essentially during the strange situation, the adult asks themselves the following fundamental question: Is the partner nearby, accessible, and attentive? If the answer is â€Å"yes,† he or she feels loved, secure, and confident. Behaviorally, the adult is likely to leave their secure base and be sociable with their partner and others. However, the answer is â€Å"no,† the adult experiences anxiety, visual searching , active following, and vocal signaling .These behaviors continue until either the adult is able to reestablish a desirable level of physical or psychological proximity to the partner , or until the adult whines down. The anxiety behavior displayed is similar to those experienced during separation or loss (Heffernan, Fraley, Vickary & Brumbaugh, 2012). Similar questioning to the strange situation is asked in the experiences in close relationships inventory (ECR), and the relationship maintenance questionnaire (RM). Questions about the desire to be in a romantic relationship, and the likely behaviors displayed in that relationship marks the inventory and questionnaire) Edenfield et al, 2012). The ECR and the RM can be used to predict whether the relationship partner is securely attached or i nsecurely attached. The research findings from the strange situation, the ECR, and the RM combined with the finding closeness, safe haven, and secure base occur over time developed effective clinical and non clinical exposure treatments. In this case, the insecurely attached adult can choose to be treated in a clinic or in the home close to the safe haven. In either case the use of adaptive skills will be utilized. Additionally, using adaptive skills will move an insecurely attached adult to and securely attached adult. Adaptive skills are skills a romantic partner uses in reaction to their partner’s behaviors. Adaptive skills promote emotionally available and appropriately responsive partners, as well as a partner capable of regulating both his and her positive and negative emotions (Feldman, 2011). The insecurely attach adult will utilize adaptive skills to counter act the other partner’s insecure behavior, in a way to exhibit secure attachment. Conclusion and future directions In conclusion, most adults are in a romantic relationship, and behave and react in the relationship. Due to this fact, the adult gains either secure or insecure attachment to their romantic partner. The securely attached adult is warm and responsive to the ideals of commitment and their ability to adapt well to changes they will face in a romantic relationship. Additionally, the securely attached person displays increased levels of satisfaction in their romantic relationship. Romantic relationships having  one or both partners exhibiting insecure attachment style, will find moving to a secure attachment beneficial to their romantic relationship. Especially, in the areas of satisfaction, commitment, and the different changes. The insecurely attached partners will find using adaptive skills in both clinical and non clinical exposure treatments helpful in developing a secure attachment. The most useful is experiencing long-tern exposure to the secure attachment style in the home. In t he future, the concept can be applied to the area of work and higher education. Adults experience long term relationships with colleagues and professors. References Edenfield, J. L., Adams, K. S., & Briihl, D. S. (2012) Relationship Maintenance Strategy Used by Romantic Attachment style. North American Journal of Psychology, 14)1), pp 149. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.co,m.ezproxy.liberty.edu:2048/docview/927903917 Ehrenberg, M. F., Roberts, M., & Pringle, J. (2012). Attachment Style and Marital Commitment in the Context of Remarriage. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 53(3), pp 204-219. doi: 10. 1080/10502556.2012.663270 Feldman, R. S. (2011). Development across the Lifespan. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: McGraw-Hill. Heffernan, M. E., Fraley, R. C., Vicary, A. M., & Brumbaugh, C. C. (2012). Attachment Features and Functions in Adult Relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(5), pp 671-693. doi: 10.1177/0265407512443435 Juhl, J., Sand, E. C., & Routledge, C. (2012). the Effects of Nostalgia and Avoidant Attachment on Relationship Satisfaction and Relationship Motives. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship s, 29(5), pp 661-670. doi: 10.1177/0265407512443433 Mikulincer, M & Shaver, P. R. (2012). Adult Attachment Orientations and Relationship Processes. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 4(4), pp 259-274. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1756-2589.2012.00142.x Nudson-Martin, C. (2012). Attachment in Adult Relationships: a Feminist Perspective. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 4(4), pp. 299-305. doi: 10. 1111/j.1756-2589.2012.00141.x Pittman, J. F. (2012). Attachment Orientations: A Boon to Family Theory and Review. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 4(4), pp 306-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-2589.2012.00133.x Poulsen, F. O., Holman, T. B., Busby, D. M., & Carroll, J. S. (2013). Physical Attraction, Attachment Styles, and Dating Development. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 30(3), pp 301-319. doi: 10.1177/0265407512456673 Selcuk, E., Zayas, V.., & Hazan, C. (2010). Marital Satisfaction: The Role of Attachment in Marital Function. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 2(4), pp 258-259. doi: 10. 1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00061.x

Spastic Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy Children Health And Social Care Essay

AbstractionBackground: Cerebral paralysis ( CP ) affects motor and postural development and causes centripetal upsets and larning disablement. Shock moving ridges are defined as a sequence of sonic pulsations mostly used in the intervention of diseases affecting bone and sinew every bit good as muscular contractures. Radial daze moving ridge therapy ( RSWT ) produces lower extremum force per unit area, longer rise clip and low energy with energy flux denseness as compared with extracorporeal daze wave therapy. Purpose: The purpose of our survey was to measure the effectivity of RSWT on spasticity and motor map in hemiplegic intellectual paralysis kids.Methods:IntroductionCerebral paralysis ( CP ) consequences from an abuse to the underdeveloped cardinal nervous system ( CNS ) [ 1 ] that cause terrible physical disablement in childhood with non-progressive syndromes that affect position and motor public presentation [ 2 ] . The most common damage is hemiplegia in which born babes had a individual hemisphere hurt in most instances [ 3 ] . The major job of CP is spasticity which is defined as a velocity-dependent opposition of musculus to stretch [ 4 ] . Spasticity may take to musculoskeletal jeopardies such as contractures, hurting, and subluxation. The riddance of spasticity licenses many intellectual paralysis kids to utilize what selective motor control they possess more efficaciously and functionally. [ 5 ] Most CP instances with spasticity are managed by a utilizing of a combination of modes throughout childhood. The usage of a combination of physical therapy modes can increase the benefits of spasticity control [ 6-7 ] . Various curative modes and attacks are used to pull off spasticity, including unwritten medicines, injection therapy, orthopaedic surgery, neurosurgery and rehabilitation therapy [ 1 ] . One of the recent modes which used in the physical therapy field is shock moving ridge therapy. The daze moving ridge was foremost applied in 1980 to patients with kidney rocks [ 11 ] . It was applied in either extracorporeal or radial daze moving ridge therapy. Extracorporeal daze moving ridge therapy ( ESWT ) is a sequence of sonic pulsations with by high extremum force per unit area ( 100 MPa ) , fast force per unit area rise ( & lt ; 10 N ) and short continuance ( 10 I?s ) . [ 7 ] While radial daze moving ridge therapy ( RSWT ) is a pneumatically generated low to medium-energy daze moving ridge that is produced by acceleration of a missile inside the intervention handpiece and transmitted radially from the tip of the applier to the mark zone [ 8 ] . The force per unit area and the energy denseness lessening by the 3rd power of the incursion deepness in the tissue. RSWT produced lower extremum force per unit area, longer rise clip and low energy with energy flux denseness ( EFD ) less than 0.1 mJ/mm2 ) as compared with ESWT [ 9-10 ] . Many surveies have demonstrated ESWT in the intervention of bone diseases like pseudoarthrosis [ 11 ] and calcified tendonitis of the shoulder [ 10,12 ] and in soft tissue diseases like epicondylitis, [ 13 ] plantar fasciitis, [ 14 ] and sinew hurts, particularly in jocks. [ 15 ] ESWT was effectual in cut downing the hypertonus in patients with shot in comparing with placebo. Long last clinical consequence of ESWT suggested its possible usage for patients with muscular hypertonus [ 7 ] . Amelio and Manganotti, [ 7 ] showed that ESWT can alter the postural attitude and organic structure stableness of kids with CP by a lessening in hypertonus in the plantar flexor musculuss of the treated limb with an addition in the base of support at that side. [ 7 ] In order to mensurate the alteration in spasticity degree objectively, a broad assortment of electrophysiological physiological reaction surveies have been performed to measure spasticity and research neural circuits within the spinal cord. The H -reflex trial can be utile for the nonsubjective step of motor neuron hyper-excitability. Besides, the ratio of the maximal amplitude of the H- physiological reaction to maximum M- amplitude ( H/M ratio ) is an nonsubjective step of motor neuron hyper-excitability. In instance of spasticity, the H -reflex depression is significantly lower in spastic patients [ 16-17 ] . Increased H/M ratio means increasing the irritability degree while the reduced H/M ratio means diminishing the irritability degree [ 18 ] . Increased H/M ratio has been reported in the spastic stage of unilateral paralysis and it is considered the preferable index for measuring the motor nerve cell pool irritability of the spastic side in hemiplegic patients. [ 19 ] The decre ase of amplitude of these measurings demonstrates decrease of spasticity in those patients. [ 20 ] A survey conducted to measure the effects of using ESWT on spasticity by utilizing by analyzing F moving ridge and H-reflex of the gastrocnemius in hemiplegic shot patients. The determination showed that there were no important effects of ESWT on the conductivity speed, distal latency and amplitude of tibial nervus conductivity, minimum latency of tibial nervus F moving ridge, latency, or H/M ratio of H-reflex in either the healthy or stroke group. However, the modified Ashworth graduated table ( MAS ) of plantar flexor was significantly reduced after using ESWT in the shot group. [ 21 ] Besides, Yoo et al. , [ 22 ] reported that there was no consequence of ESWT ‘s on lower limb spasticity in shot patients, and its mechanism is still unknown. [ 22 ] Sohn, et Al. , [ 30 ] inquired that farther surveies is needed for measuring the decreased degree of spasticity by ESWT on functional abilities such as ambulation or activities of day-to-day populating with stressing that farther surveies refering the most effectual degree of strength, figure of ESWT interventions, and continuance of curative consequence, demand to be conducted in a larger figure of patients. [ 23 ] Although RSWT has been successfully used since the late ninetiess for the direction of assorted orthopaedic upsets, really small clinical survey – for the available literature – has yet been performed in the intervention of spasticity in intellectual paralysis kids. The purpose of our survey was to measure the effectivity of RSWT on spasticity and motor map in hemiplegic intellectual paralysis kids.MaterialsSubjects56 kids ( 32 male childs and 24 misss ) were take parting in this survey. Their age runing from ( 6-8 ) old ages with a mean ( 7 A ± 1.2 ) were indiscriminately selected and participated in this survey. Patients were referred to Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation section of El-Noor Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia and selected harmonizing to the inclusion and exclusion standards.The inclusion standardsThe inclusion standards were as follows: The participated kids had a confirmed diagnosing of hemiplegic intellectual paralysis in the prenatal, perinatal, or p ostpartum period confirmed by magnetic resonance images obtained from medical records or personal doctors. The grade of spasticity in involved lower appendage harmonizing to modified Ashworth graduated table ranged between classs 1, 1+ and 2 [ 24 ] . The degrees of gross motor map runing between degrees I through III harmonizing to Gross Motor Function Classification System ( GMFCS ) [ 25 ] . Persons with GMFCS degree I ambulate independently without restrictions, but may hold restrictions in more advanced gross motor accomplishments ; individuals with degree II ambulate independently but have restrictions walking out-of-doorss and in the community ; and individuals with degree III ambulate with an assistive device. Children were cognitively competent and able to understand and follow instructions. There were no serious medical complications harmonizing to the medical study signed by their doctor. During the survey, kids were non having other intercessions to better involved lower appendage map.The exclusion standardsThe exclusion standards included kids who had ocular job that would forestall them from executing the intercession, , uncontrolled ictuss, had no recent history of spasticity-altering specially for tendoachilis and c alf musculuss in the affected limb.They were at least one twelvemonth station orthopedic or neurological surgery, 6 months post botulinus toxin type A ( Botox ) injections, and had no history of spasticity medicine within 3 months prior to proving. Children were besides excluded if there were fixed contractures or stiffness in the affected lower appendage that would restrict activity battle.Treatment groupsThe participated kids divided into two groups. The first group ( 35 participants ) received traditional neurodevelopmental physical therapy rehabilitation plan in add-on to RSWT. The other control group ( 21 participants ) received the same plan but with placebo daze wave therapy. The traditional plan consists of beef uping exercisings, stretching exercisings, postural reactions facilitation exercisings, automatic inhibiting forms except for Achilless sinews of affected limb, pace preparation. The plan last for an hr, three times / hebdomad for 6 hebdomads. A individual blinded randomised clinical test was used as the patients did non cognize in which group was assigned and which intervention would be taken. Randomization was performed merely by inquiring the one of the parents to take a piece of one of two documents in which A, B missive was written. ( A ) considered as a RSWT group, while ( B ) considered as a traditional exercising group. All parents were given a full account of the intervention protocol and a written informed consent signifier to subscribe their understanding for engagement in the survey and publication of the consequences. The survey was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the module of applied medical scientific discipline, Um Al Qura University and parents signed a consent signifier authorising the kid ‘s engagement.Appraisal of GMFM:The GMFM is a standard mention tool designed to mensurate alteration in gross motor map over clip in kids with motor damage, and has been validated for sensitiveness to alter in kids with CP. The judges ( physical healers ) who performed all the appraisals throughout the survey did non take portion in the intercession plan. They besides had non been informed about which group was belonged ( blind assessors ) . The GMFM was used to measure alterations in gross motor accomplishment and mobility. [ 26 ] Merely the points from the walk/run/jump dimension were administered. Both the GMFM-88 and GMFM-66 tonss were used to take advantage of the improved grading with the GMFM-66 [ 27 ] .H/M ratio rating:Before get downing the measuring, the kid was prepared for entering by cleaning the sites of stimulating and entering electrodes by rubbing the tegument utilizing intoxicant. The process was repeated until the tegument becomes somewhat ruddy to guarantee removing of the degenerated cells and take downing the tegument opposition. Precautions were taken to avoid skin annoyance particularly at the exciting site. Then the kid was placed in prone place comfortab ly on the scrutiny tabular array. The pess were placed over the border of the tabular array or supported with a pillow placed under the mortise joint, so that the mortise joints were placed in a impersonal relaxed place. The caput of the kid was kept in mid place to avoid the evocation of any crude physiological reaction, which may change the distribution of tone over the kid ‘s organic structure during entering. The recording was conducted from the soleus musculus where the active ( negative ) electrode was placed along the mid-dorsal line of the lower leg, 2 centimeter below the point of separation of the gasterocnemius and secured by adhesive plaster. The other indifferent ( positive ) electrode was placed distal to the active electrode in a consecutive line over the tendoachillis and secured by adhesive plaster. The Earth electrode was placed between the stimulating and entering electrodes [ 28 ] . The stimulating electrode was placed over the tibial nervus merely median t o the center of the articulatio genus fold in the popliteal pit. The stimulus continuance was 0.1msec. , which makes it more selective for exciting the sensory nerve La nervus fibres and evokes a stable H-reflex. Stimulation was at the rate of one time every 3 seconds to avoid barricading response and let full recording of the automatic response. After puting up the kid decently on the tabular array and adequately suiting the different electrodes in the antecedently described places, bifocal nervus stimulation was conducted by utilizing EMG stimulator.Shock wave therapyA RSWT device ( shock maestro 500 ) consisting of a control unit, a 15 millimeter handpiece and a medical air compressor ( 40 dubnium, 8 saloon, 50l/min ) was used. The compressor generates a pneumatic energy ( Positive end product force per unit area: 18.5 Mpa, Frequency scope: 1 to 21 Hz, Max. energy denseness: 0.38 mJ/mmA? ) that is used to speed up a missile inside the handpiece. The RSWT was administered utilizin g a V-ACTOR manus piece ( applicator diameter 15 millimeter ) . Each kid in the intervention session received 1,500 urges per session ( 500 urges with a force per unit area of 0.5 saloon and a frequence of 15 Hz and 1,000 urges with a force per unit area of 1.0 saloon and a frequence of 20 Hz ) , an EFD of 0.10 mJ/mm2, and a fixed impulse clip of 2 msecs. The intervention country was prepared with a matching gel ( ultrasound gel ) to minimise the loss of shock-wave energy at the interface between applier tip and tegument. The force per unit area pulsations were focused on the hypertonic musculuss of the lower limb: shootings were used to handle each gastrocnemius musculuss and soleus musculuss chiefly in the center of the belly. Because low energy is used, the therapy is painless and does non necessitate the usage of anaesthesia, analgetic drugs or utilizing an ultrasound arrow usher during application. A placebo intervention was applied with the indistinguishable instrumentality. The same high-intensity sound was utilized in all patients.Outcome stepEvaluation of alterations in gross motor accomplishment utilizing the GMFM and the spasticity alterations by determined by measuring H/M ratio and entering the sum of take downing in this per centum between pre and station intervention scenes were the mensurating result.Statistical analysisA descriptive statistical computation of the mean and standard divergence was performed. Clinical and electrophysiological values for each patient were analyzed by Wilc oxon signed-rank and Mann Whitney trial. The degree of significance was set at 0.05 for all trials.Consequences60 intellectual paralysis kids with spastic unilateral paralysiss were take parting in the survey. A figure of 5 kids were excluded from the engagement because they did non finish the intervention agenda. Merely 32 male childs and 24 misss with spastic unilateral paralysiss were included in this survey. There was a non-significant difference in the mean of kid ‘s age between intervention groups where the average age in Shock wave group was ( 7 A ± 0.85 ) and ( 7 A ± 0.65 ) in traditional group.GMFM:Evaluation of the pretest value of the daze moving ridge group and traditional group by Mann-Whitney trial revealed a no important difference between the pretest values where the P value was 0.0821 and the average rank of the pretest was 25.17 for daze moving ridge and 35.02 for traditional. Wilcoxon matched pairs trial demonstrated a important consequence in the ESWT group where P & lt ; 0.0001 with a important betterments in GMFM as compared consequence of post-test to pre-test value. Besides, there was a important addition in the post-test values in traditional group P & lt ; 0.0001 as compared to pre-test values. In order to compare between the consequence of the post-test consequence between the two intervention groups, Wilcoxon signed rank trial was applied and revealed that there was a important difference between the two intervention groups where the average rank of the ESWT group was 35.02 and traditional group was 15.7 and the P & lt ; 0.0001.H/M ratio:Mann-Whitney trial compared the pretest value of the alterations in the H/M ratio between the ESWT group and traditional group and revealed a no important difference between the pretest values where the P value was 0.227 and the average rank of the pretest was 30.53 for daze wave 25.12 for traditional as shown in tabular array ( 1-2 ) . Wilcoxon matched pairs trial demonstrated a important consequence in the ESWT and traditional groups where P & lt ; 0.0001 with a important lessening in the H/M ratio as compared consequence of post-test to pre-test value. Besides, there was a important lessening in the post-test values in traditional group P & lt ; 0.0001 as compared to pre-test values. Wilcoxon signed rank trial was applied and revealed no important difference between the two intervention groups where the average rank of the ESWT group was 27.63 and traditional group was 29.95 and the p=0.605.DiscussionThe consequence of this survey showed important decrease in GMFM and H/M ratio station intervention as compared with pretreatment in the two survey groups. The H-reflex trial as Akbayrak et al. , [ 28 ] explained can be utile for the nonsubjective step of motor neuron hyperex-citability Although assorted techniques for this survey have been introduced, the ratio of the maximal amplitude of H-reflex to maximum M-amplitude ( H/M ratio ) is most practical because of the easier technique. H/M ratios tend to be increased in patients with CNS lesions and upper motor nerve cell marks, and enlisting curves are altered in a mode consistent with increased irritability of the cardinal motor nerve cell pool. Conversely, H reflexes during cataplexy are depressed. H-reflex surveies in patients with CNS disfunction have been helpful for understanding the pathophysiology of these upsets [ 29 ] . Many Potential benefits could deduce from RSWT, compared with ESWT, because it is less painful consequence and therefore can be administered without anaesthesia, thereby cut downing the hazards of intervention for patients. Furthermore, due to the radial emanation of RSWT, the calcification, one time located radiographically, is certainly included inside the moving ridge extension country. Contrarily, when the daze moving ridge is focused, as occurs in the ESWT, refocusing of the applier is sporadically necessary to be certain that the moving ridges hit the calcification [ 30 ] . Furthermore, no ultrasound usher is needed to execute curative applications of RSWT [ 8 ] . Possible repressive effects of daze moving ridges on hypertonic musculuss and sinews might be attributed to the consequence of mechanical stimulations of daze moving ridges on the musculus fibres following to the sinew that can non be excluded as suggested by ( Leone and Kukulka. [ 31 ] Besides uninterrupted or intermittent tendon force per unit area produced by daze moving ridge could diminish the spinal irritability without durable clinical or neurophysiological effects. Another possible mechanism was the mechanical vibratory stimulation, which reduces irritability of motor nerve cells and induces the alteration of F moving ridge. [ 31 ] Despite transitory and short enduring repressive continuance of mechanical vibratory stimulation on musculus, the clinical consequences of this survey continued for hebdomads and assisted in suppression of monosynaptic irritability of tendoachillis as revealed by take downing of the H/M ratio in the survey group.This happening proposing a different mechanism of action need farther probe and account. Geldard [ 32 ] in his work found that Pressure technique has been therapeutically effectual to change motor response and when force per unit area is continuously applied, there is a diminution in sensitiveness. Tuttle and Mc Clearly [ 33 ] added that mechanical force per unit area ( force ) , provided continuously is repressive, possibly because of force per unit area version. It is hypothesized that this deep force per unit area activates pacinian atoms, which are quickly altered receptor ; nevertheless, the version may change with the strength of stimulation and with the country of the organic structure being stimulated. This force per unit area seemed most effectual on sinewy interpolations [ 33 ] . Pacinian Corpuscles as Quillin [ 34 ] explained are located deep in The corium of the tegument: in entrails, mesenteries, and ligaments and near blood vass. They are most plentiful in the colloidal suspensions of the pess, where they seem to exercise some influence on position, place, and ambulation. The pacinian atoms adapt rapidly and they are activated by deep force per unit area and speedy stretch of tissues. [ 34 ] Umphred et al. , [ 35 ] reported that Because of the rapid version, a kept up stimulation will efficaciously do suppression by forestalling farther stimulations from come ining the system. The technique of deep force per unit area is applied to hypersensitive countries to normalise skin responses. Besides, they recommended that changeless force per unit area applied over the sinews of the wrist flexors may stifle flexor hypertonicity every bit good as elongate the tight facia over the sinewy interpolation. The force per unit area is applied across the sinew with increasing force per unit area until musculuss relax [ 35 ] . Pierson [ 36 ] recommended that the kept up force per unit area is effectual in cut downing spasticity if it is applied to the sinew than the musculus belly. It is thought to move as a counter thorn that overwhelms centripetal ability to intercede other types of stimulation. H-reflex testing has shown that the motor nerve cell is inhibited in the sinew being pressed [ 36 ] . In their work about the consequence of soleus musculus force per unit area on alpha motor neuron automatic irritability in topics with spinal cord hurt ( SCI ) Robichaud and Agostinucci [ 37 ] found that Circumferential force per unit area applied to the lower leg decreased soleus musculus alpha motor neuron automatic irritability in topics with SCI. [ 37 ] The consequences of survey tested the effectivity of intermittent tendon force per unit area on the depression of alpha motor neuron irritability. Kukulkaet al. , [ 38 ] showed that the application of intermittent force per unit area to a sinew produced a statistically important lessening in the amplitude of the H physiological reaction, bespeaking a depression in alpha motor neuron irritability. This depression was sustained over a 30-second period of intermittent force per unit area application. These findings support those reported earlier by KuKulka et al. , [ 38 ] in which sustained tendon force per unit area was found to bring forth a transeunt suppression of motor neuron irritability. Intermittent tendon force per unit area, hence, may be utile for patients who require a sustained decrease in musculus activity, and sustained tendon force per unit area may turn out most utile for transeunt decreases in musculus tone. [ 38 ] Sing to the repressive consequence of quiver, Maisden [ 39 ] in their surveies showed that Because its ability to diminish allergic tactile receptors through supraspinal ordinance, local quiver is considered an inhibitory technique. Vibration besides stimulates cuteaneous receptors, specifically the pacinian atoms, and therefore can besides be classified an extroceptive modes. Vibrators function with frequence below 75 Hz is thought to hold an repressive consequence on normal musculus. [ 39 ] Umphred et al. , [ 35 ] concluded that low-frequency quiver used alternately with force per unit area can be extremely effectual. It should be remembered that these combined inputs use different neurophysiological mechanisms [ 35 ] . Vibration is an effectual manner to stamp down the H-reflex as stated by Delwaide. , [ 40 ] and Braddom & A ; Johnson. [ 41 ] Somerville and Ashby [ 42 ] added that Using a vibrating stimulation to the Achilles sinew in the limb under probe consequences in depression of the H-reflex that may outlive the continuance of the quiver by several hundred msecs. The mechanism of H-reflex suppression as explained by Taylor et al. , [ 43 ] is unknown but may affect presynaptic suppression through primary spindle sensory nerve fire or neurotransmitter depletion. The consequences of this survey agreed with the determination of the work done by Manganotti and Amelio [ 44 ] who used 1,500 shootings of daze moving ridge to handle flexor musculuss of the forearm and 800 shootings for each interosseus musculus of the manus with 0.030 mJ/mm2 strength. They reported that ESWT on the flexor hypertonic musculuss of the forearm and the interosseus musculuss of the manus was effectual for the betterment of upper limb spasticity in shot patients for more than12 hebdomads. Besides the determination of Yoo et Al. [ 22 ] proved important decrease of spasticity on the cubitus flexor and carpus pronator for 1 to 4 hebdomads after 1,000 shootings of ESWT with 0.069 mJ/mm2 strength. In their survey aimed for measuring the spasticity and electrophysiologic effects of using extracorporeal daze wave therapy ( ESWT ) to the gastrocnemius by analyzing F moving ridge and H-reflex. Sohn et al. , [ 23 ] concluded that after using ESWT on the gastrocnemius in shot patients, the spasticity of the mortise joint plantarflexor was significantly improved, with no alterations of F wave or H-reflex parametric quantities. They recommended that farther surveies are needed to measure the mechanisms of the antispastic consequence of ESWT. The important betterment in the development of walking accomplishment in the participant kids in the survey group might be due to the application of traditional neurodevelopmental intercession technique in add-on to the long permanent decrease of spasticity produced by daze moving ridge therapy and its function in take downing calf musculus spasticity.This inhibitory consequence on tendoachillis hypertonus assist the kids in the survey group to develop their motor map and walking abilities which was positively reflected on the gross motor map step mark in the walk-to portion following station intervention period The transition of Achilles tendon hypertonicity and its influence on bettering motor functional and walking abilities for hypertonic CP kids is attendant with the position of Natarajan and Ribbans [ 45 ] who strongly affirmed on that â€Å" Achilles sinew is involved in a assortment of padiatric conditions † .So its shortening or failing is a characteristic of many neurological conditions impacting the cardinal or peripheral nervous system such as intellectual paralysis. And Achilles tendon spasticity, failing or contractures in these conditions lead to detaining of walking and pace abnormalcies.DecisionA individual active RSWT significantly cut down spasticity and better map compared with placebo in kids with intellectual paralysis.Practical applicationsRSWT are effectual tools that could be used individually or in combination with neurodevelopmental technique in intervention of kids with spastic unilateral paralysis.RecognitionsThe writers would wish to show their grasp to a ll patints participated in this survey with all content and cooperation and particular thanks to our co-workers at the Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm AL-Qura University, Saudi Arabia.Conflict of involvementThere are no fiscal and personal relationships with other people or organisations that could unsuitably act upon this work.FundingThis research received no specific grant from any support bureau in the populace, commercial, or non-profit-making sectors.

Womens Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Womens Rights - Essay Example Of what use is it to be an equal to someone with whom we consider from nigh Puritanical viewpoints as someone less able than us I believe that the true emancipation of woman is only achieved by acceptance of the fact that between her and man, there must exist an acceptance of the other's worth and an openness to the fact that one needs the other to be whole and free. The Bible has often been used to benefit the cause of men who wished to maintain the 'status quo' they had created for so long. Interpretation is leans on the idea that women were created to serve as servants to man. She is the caretaker of the home, the bearer of children and nothing more. It is against this idea that women's emancipation movement has long fought against. We have struggled to show that there are more to women than this 'archetype' man has Set and in our efforts to disprove their claim, we have failed to see that the Biblically, a woman's role is not just as a servant but also as an equal and companion from the start. A useful anecdote comes to mind where an argument is made for women as equals: God takes her from man's side, not above him to be his superior, not from his feet to be his servant, but from his side to be his equal - a partner with whom he husbands the beauty of the Garden of Eden. In our efforts to defy the conventions to which we have been shackled, we have overlooked this one key point and have thus upset the balance of nature in our efforts to prove that we are not inferior, but are in fact, the more superior gender. Consider the price of our effort to prove our worth. Goldman describes that for today's modern woman to achieve a level of equality with man, she needs to exert all her effort to the point of exhaustion and she closes herself off to anything else that might hinder her from achieving this objective. The modern woman denies herself her natural need to nurture and care by taking on aspects, heretofore considered man's dominion. She becomes driven by an ambition so total that she becomes cold and calculating that she denies herself the most vital right of loving and being loved.Even Elisabeth Cady Stanton, one of the great leaders of the women's emancipation movement and who had so shocked the world with her arguments in "Home Life" a speech she made on marriage and divorce: "from a woman's standpoint, I see that marriage as an indissoluble tie is slavery for women, because law, religion, and public sentiment all combine under this relation, whatever it may be and there is no other huma n slavery that knows such depths of dedregation [sic] as a wife chained to a man whom she neither loves nor respects". Even in that statement it is acknowledge that it is no bad thing for a woman to have someone whom she loves and respects. The view that men are to be looked on as 'oppressors', a view unfortunately held by some of the more radical activists for the women's right s movement, reflects a sorry state of affairs as these women deprive themselves of their true freedom. The fact that they look upon women who have abdicated this view by virtue of their having married as

What is one truth about United Arab Emirates (UAE) that you want the Essay - 1

What is one truth about United Arab Emirates (UAE) that you want the rest of the world to know that most of us who are not from there don't yet know - Essay Example True to their culture, the Emiratis or the people of UAE display these highly prized virtues and are known to be extremely courteous and hospitable hosts to the foreign visitors. They are genuinely friendly and warm and practice religious tolerance towards people of other cultures and nationalities while following their own (Abu Dhabi, 2014). The capital city, Abu Dhabi, charms its visitors with its amazing combination of cultural heritage and cosmopolitan outlook that go hand-in-hand. The people of UAE are extremely open-minded and hold liberal attitudes toward foreigners and international visitors which set them apart from other Islamic countries. The UAE nationals are particularly keen on observing etiquettes and expect others to do the same. Appropriate manners and courtesy are intrinsic to the culture, making it one of the safest countries to travel especially for women and children travelling alone. The police are known to be extremely helpful and respectful and are accessible to those in need, at all times (Abu Dhabi, 2014). The fact that UAE is the worlds fastest growing tourist destinations further accentuate the warm, welcoming and hospitable nature of the Emiratis offering an intriguing mix of culture and a safe and welcoming environment (Emirates.org, 2014). Abu Dhabi (2014). Abu Dhabi – culture and lifestyle [Online] Available at: [Accessed: Feb 27,

List the characteristics of your network topology. Also identify why Essay

List the characteristics of your network topology. Also identify why other topologies would be inappropriate for the lab enviro - Essay Example Additionally, topology network failure does not affect failed device unless, the device connected to the other connectivity device is impaired. Thus, network topology means, network that is connected to circular method whereby, each node examines raw data send to a ring finally; it is send through directed address. Physical topology is known as physical layout of cable and connection of nodes between the cables. Another type of network is physical networks topologies are signals that are sending inform of networks. This type of network is associated with cost of doing the installation on a circuit telecommunications in which media can access the device. Where else, logical network topologies are signs that are used to send data to the media. These networks are further classified into star topology network, ring logical topology and bus physical topology. However, logical topology networks tend to be determined by protocols that cannot be acknowledged by physical network layout of wir es, which allows flow of electrical indicators. On the other hand, many computers in one area that are connected to a single switch can define star topology. This means that every computes is connected to its own wire and the switch, which is very essential to computers, in case one of them fails to operate or gets problems therefore, the other can not be affected. This is the most essential method that is used today. The reason why the so-called bus cables are connected to one cable is that, only one computer is only permitted to send data to server at a given time. Therefore, if several computers are connected to this network, then the operations will be interfered. This means that if there are many computers connected to network then the net work will tend to go down. It is important to differentiate between different types of networks that are available such as peer-to-peer. However, it is important to identify advantages and disadvantages that are associated with different netw ork. In a small offices and business networks are supposed to maintain peer- to –peer. It means that the main server is not involved. In network places that involves more than 10 operating computers might be very confusing, this is because the users may not have be using the same password. Therefore, the question is what will happen if the networks fail to connect for a period. The nodes play a great role in assuring that several servers act as one client. Additionally, peer-to-peer networks are installed to serve few computers. This is because if many computers are connected to one server to share single older then the system would be slowed down. Moreover, the server allows them to access network. This is made possible by use of internet cable that should be connected in the ports. The star topology is very important because it is scalable; it is faster to ease network connection for a big location. Another advantage is that if a single node fails to network, the entire sys tem is not affected. Finally, it is faster to unplug the nodes when the problem is discovered. On the other hand, star topology is associated with several disadvantages such as when the main server fails network also. Computers need to have security that is, the departments if information service should be responsible in management of all connected computers. This is done through connecting network devices, wiring the closest devices. In conclusion, in order to

Violations of Securities Laws Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Violations of Securities Laws - Assignment Example with insider sales, potentially more opportunities for insiders to sell their shares, decreased burden on counsel or trading compliance officers who would have make subjective determinations on the availability of non- public information (Johnson 56). The ramification of those who violate this rule are judicially constructed. In addition, the Congress passed the PSLARA that would encourage the voluntary disclosure of information by corporate issues, empower the investors so that they may exercise primary control over their private securities litigation and encourage plaintiff to pursue valid claims and fight abuse claims. Under Rule 16b of the Exchange Act , with respect to any company whose securities are registered on a NSE, enforces certain restrictions and obligations on the company’s directors and every beneficial owner of more that 10 percent of any call of equity security as those presumed to have access of inside information. As a trader, this rule is beneficial as it helps to prevent the unfair use of information which may be gotten by the beneficial owner by reason of the relationship that is present with the issuer. The ramification for those who violate the rule allows allow a stakeholder to file a derivative suit that will help recover such profit (Federal Securities Law Reporter 66). If this is not implemented or they refuse to bring such suit within sixty days, there will be no requirement for the share holder to own any shares at the time of the insider trading. Federal Securities Law Reporter: Federal Regulation of Securities : Laws, Regulations, Forms, Rulings and Decisions, Currently Supplemented and Indexed. Chicago, Ill: Commerce Clearing House, 1964. Continually updated

Anemia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anemia - Research Paper Example Furthermore, deficiency of vitamins such as B-12, an integral component for formation of healthy red blood cells, also cause vitamin related anemia (American Society of Hematology). Named after the sickle shape that the red blood cells acquire, this type of anemia is inherited. The host’s body is unable to make normal hemoglobin that causes the RBCs to have a crescent shape reducing ability to transfer oxygen. Having a shorter life, these cells die in 10-20 days (United States of America, Department of Health and Human Services). New cells aren’t formed fast enough to replace these dying cells. G6PD is an enzyme that induces resistance of red blood cells against materials such as sulfa, anti malarial drugs and naphthalene. Its absence causes the blood cells to burst when they come in contact with the aforementioned materials in the blood stream. The immune system itself attacks the red blood cells causing them to break down. This can take place post blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant. Major types include: autoimmune, alloimmune, and drug-induced anemia (United States of America, Department of Health and Human Services). Certain diseases such as that of kidney and liver disturb the hormonal balance of the body which consequently retards the production of red blood cells. Chemotherapy, administered to fight cancers, is also known to deter the production of red blood cells in the body causing anemia to the host. Virtually everyone is at a risk to develop anemia at one time or another during the course of one’s life. However, certain parts of society are more likely to get it than others. Almost 10% of the women going through pregnancy or having large volumes of blood loss through menstrual cycles have been identified to have anemia in US alone (American Health Journal). Moreover, people who have recently passed through major surgery, gotten into accidents causing large amount of blood

Remediation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Remediation - Essay Example Ideas are used over and over again, as they all still prove to be useful when trying to convey a message to a specific audience. The purpose of remediation is to take an original idea and make it presentable to various audiences, so that the message becomes more widespread and easier for certain audiences to understand, such as though that might be younger or older, or those that prefer a certain media medium. As times and technology changes, so do the methods of conveying a media message or story. Different audiences depend on the forms of media that appeal most to them, so each media medium must be taken into consideration when in regards to getting a message out to a specific population. The more appealing a medium is, the more appealing the message will be, if not easier to understand. The original bit of media used in this project is the "I am your father" scene from The Empire Strikes Back. The form of media is a motion picture, and the scene is one that is well-known, even amongst those who have never seen the movie. It is a scene that is often repeated and parodied in other media forms. The constant reusing of this scene is a prime example of remediation, as it shows the different ways that old media - in this case, a famous scene from a movie - is formed into a piece of new media that would be more appealing to a contemporary audience, such as when it is used on popular, contemporary television shows like Family Guy. The first form of media that I created using the aforementioned scene from The Empire Strikes Back is a Facebook news feed. The news feed shows the two different characters, Luke and Darth Vader, conversing, via Facebook, about the same topic that can be seen in the original media form: Darth Vader telling Luke that he is, in fact, his father. The communications are simple, yet it conveys everything that can be found in the scene in the motion

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 78

Case Study Example eading of the Zara case study does lead to the conclusion that the immense success of Zara in the apparel retail sector is based on a few well thought and highly planned strategic approaches towards the clothing retail business. One major factor that could be held responsible for the high success of Zara in the clothing retail sector is the company’s pro-active approach towards business. The problem with most of the competitors is that they happen to have a highly market dependent approach towards business. They happen to wait for the market influences to shape and impact their business strategy. In that context, the amazing thing is that Zara has a business approach towards retail that is highly competitive and pro-active. Zara does not wait for the things to happen to it. Instead, this retail giant goes on and plays a pro-active approach in determining and shaping the consumer preferences and choices. The primary factor that sets Zara apart from its competitors is that Zara is always in touch with the latest fashion trends and is thereby able to get a hold of the clothing retail trends in a way that is unthinkable for other companies. Hence, it would not be wrong to say that Zara is not a product driven but a trend driven company in the sense that the primary stress at Zara is to identify, produce and market consumer preferences at all levels of its supply chain, are they strategizing, designing, manufacturing, marketing and sales. In that case it would be really important to mention that Zara is indeed one of the few clothing retail companies that have been able to strategically exploit the available IT inputs and choices in every aspect of its product designing, manufacturing, marketing and sales. Hence, the thing that needs to be understood is that the retail success of Zara is directly linked to the company’s practical understanding of the clothing retail market, the adoption of this understanding in every aspect of its supply chain and marketing, and

What Does it Mean to Localise Software What Are the Problems and Assignment

What Does it Mean to Localise Software What Are the Problems and Issues of Localising and Distributing Databases Worldwide Consequences of Global Data Communication - Assignment Example Problems and Issues of Localising and Distributing Databases Worldwide Localisation and distribution of data base tend to be a complex process especially in a situation whereby, there large data base with a great size. Additionally, lack of established tools and techniques of converting centralised data management systems into decentralised form makes it quite challenging to localize and distribute databases world wide(O?zsu & Valduriez, 2011). In addition, insecurity and lack of established standards for localizing and distributing databases creates a significant challenge when localizing databases. In above connection, distribution and localisation of data tends to be time consuming as well as an expensive process. This is because one may be required to hire additional staffs to manage and operate database. The problem in ensuring that logarithms being utilized are correct might be experienced when localizing and distributing database world wide (O?zsu & Valduriez, 2011). Consequen ces of Global Data Communication Research indicates that global communication has not only facilitated communication but it has also open social, economic, cultural and political connection across the entire globe. Global data communication has been reported to increase the levels of economic activities such as finance and trade. Through global data communication people have abandoned the traditional communication approaches and have in turned embraced new methods of global data communication (Notto, 2005). This has been made possible due to cultural and technological exchange that had been taking place among people located in different parts of the world. In addition, global data communication has increased competition among different nations as each nation tries to become more competitive than the other. Global data communication has provided tools and products for networking purposes. This has further led to increase integration between different nations. However, despite having numerous positive consequences, global data communication also has negative consequences. Among the negative consequences include: environmental pollution whereby, disposal of ICT by-products into the environment can cause serious health problems. Additionally, global data communication has increase cyber crime and other ICT related crimes (Goudie & Cuff, 2002). 1-a) 1-b) steps in your assignment to correct the aforementioned mistakes. There are several steps of correcting data entry errors for instant if a mistake was made by putting the wrong name of the customer or product the following steps may be followed; The first step may involve finding the wrong customer name or product and deleting the wrong name, the second step may involve putting the correct name in all the areas with incorrect names/data. In above connection, one may decide to utilize action query to correct mistakes made when entering the data and names. When using this method one may first locate the query, secondl y one may be required to open and click edit and putting the correct name/data. On the other hand, one may utilize other steps. One may first press Ctrl and Find, secondly, after the box has emerged one may press replace and find. Whereby, all incorrect items may be highlighted and replaced using control and replace command (Katz & Made Simple Learning, 2011). 1-c) how would you correct the problems associated with question 1-b? Problem associated with 1-b above may be corrected by deleting all the names and wrong price quotes and replacing them with correct data. In this case find and replace may be utilized.

Early River Civilizations Essay Example for Free

Early River Civilizations Essay Ancient river civilizations in the Mediterranean as well as Central and South America denote some of the world’s first civilizations. The Phoenician’s civilization was founded in what is now Lebanon, Syria, and parts of northern Africa, the Chavin society developed around modern day Peru where the Mosna and huachescsa rivers merge. The Phoenician civilization created their society around 1100 B. C. E and the Chavin civilization was established around from 900 B. C. E. The Phoenician and the Chavin showed many similarities and differences in the aspects of technological advancements, economics, and social behavior. The Chavin and the Phoenician displayed more differences than similarities because of their immensely different lands. The Phoenician and the Chavin both are famous for their innovations that left an impact on the world. However the way they impacted the world was different. The Chavin were very innovative people especially in architecture and metallurgy. They created systems to carry water great distances, and were able to use the water to irrigate their crops. They also used their architectural abilities to avoid certain underground temples from being flooded by creating canals to act as a drainage system. The Chavin also were some of the first to melt metals for soldering and gold work. The Phoenicians on the other hand left a much different legacy for the world. As opposed to the irrigation and metallurgy the Phoenicians were the first to use letters for writing records instead of images. The Phoenician alphabet did not have any vowels but it eventually was incorporated into the Greek alphabet, and Roman alphabet which was adapted to multiple languages, such as English. Economically, the Phoenicians were in much better shape than the Chavin. The Chavin were by no means in bad shape, but the Phoenicians excelled at economics. The port city of Tyre, prospered greatly because the Phoenicians traveled by sea exporting- wood, wine, fish, and fabrics/color dyes, which led to the Phoenician society growing quite wealthy. The Chavin on the other hand, did not export goods via the sea, they instead invested in transportation, creating paths and bridges over rivers in order for them to be able to trade their main export-llama meat. The social aspects of the two river civilizations were more dissimilar than most aspects of life. The chavin people domesticated llamas and used them in as many was as they could, mostly for travel and trade. They also created many great religious centers and were very artistic, creating thorough paintings and sculptures. At Chavin, shamans were the ones who had divine connections and authority in the civilization while the Phoenicians had kings to rule them. Another major difference is that the Phoenicians, in their small region, used alliances with larger civilizations like Persia to maintain freedom while the Chavin had surrounding societies admired the Chavin and even tried to mimic their ways. The ancient river civilizations, Chavin and Phoenician display many similarties and differences in their technological advancements, economics, and social behaviors. Because the Phoenicians traveled by the seas and had port cities they excelled more financially while the Chavin were more innovative. The Phoenicians created an alphabet while the Chavin domesticated animals, created irrigation, and worked metallurgy. Phoenicians exported many goods and became rich and the Chavin traveled on manmade paths to trade llama meat. Shamans influenced the Chavin and kings ruled the Phoenicians. . Due to their greatly different locations the two ancient river civilizations exhibited more differences than similarities.

The social problem of domestic violence

The social problem of domestic violence Domestic violence is the biggest social problem facing America today. It is among the most devastating experiences that adversely affect women and children in the US. Children who witness or experience, DV may become future abusers or victims themselves if society doesnt get involved. The federal government needs to step in and assume responsibility in stemming the tide of domestic violence. Preventing abuse is more cost-effective than paying for the consequences of abuse. The widespread occurrence of such violence takes an immense toll on the lives of the victims in addition to most of society, because of numerous behavioral, health, psychological, and economic consequences. Why women bear domestic violence? Following are some justifications given by women to remain victim of domestic violence for the rest of the life: Helplessness A lot of women who are a victim of domestic violence are financially dependent on their abusers. There are numerous reasons for this; an abuser will often try to isolate the victim from anybody or anything that might offer support either emotionally or economically. This allows the abuser to have power over his victim, without interference from those who might give aid to the victim. This isolation causes the victim to become dependent on her abuser, and it insures that she will have nowhere to go. Even when a victim has the wish to escape the violence, the fundamental requirements of food, shelter, and clothing for her children usually surpass her need for security. To leave a domestic violence relationship, a woman needs a place to live, a source of income, childcare and transportation. Most victims are denied access to these things in a vicious relationship, leaving her escape resources insolvent. The trickiest issue a victim must beat in order to get away is her fear of her abusers threats to kill her. Alas, this fear is not always baseless. Abusive men often shoot up violence after a victim flees to security and time and again he brings back his victim and her children. Indeed, as many as 75% of visits to medical emergency rooms by battered women occur after they have separated from the aggressive partner. The Forms of Abuse Physical Abuse includes hitting, shoving, choking, biting, kicking, slapping, punching, pulling hair, burning, bruising, twisting, preventing access to an exit, or using a weapon to bully and/or intimidate. Emotional Abuse is the hardest for women to remain alive her self identify. Emotional abuse is the systematic degrading of the victims self-esteem. This may be accomplished by withholding of love, intimidation, mocking; cruelty to pets, using put-downs, giving the details of relationships, refusing to talk, showing jealousy, refusing to allow a partner to have/make friends, taking anger out on the children and pets, not allowing the victim financial access or convincing the victim that she (the victim) is crazy. Sexual Abuse can include forcing sex against a partners will, forbidding birth control, physically hurting partner during sex, oral abuse including humiliating sexual comments, forcing unwanted sexual practices on partner, hiding a sexually transmitted disease from partner, and forced sex with objects. Economic Abuse is accomplished by preventing the victim from working outside the home, not permitting the victim to make any economic decisions, having to justify all expenditure, baseless blaming for monetary troubles, withholding of financial information, and withholding access to finances. Characteristics of an Abuser *The majority of abusers are emotionally deprived. *Abusers want to feel in control; they use aggression as a means to control their partner. *Abusers are likely to behave normally toward other family members, friends and work acquaintances. *They are generally very unconfident and insecure. Overwhelming their victim gives them a sense of power. *Abusers are habitually very critical of their partner. *They can be exceedingly jealous. *Abusers often reject blame for their actions and can even deny that any abuse ever happened. *They reduce the abuse and blame their partners for their violent behavior. The Sequence Of Abuse 1. Tension Building Minor incidents occur and tension begins to build. The victim generally tries to control the situation by apologizing, making promises and accepting blame. The victim will generally seek to smooth things over and solve the problem in order to reduce the aggression. 2. Attack Tension rises until there is verbal abuse that will often lead to physical aggression. Victims often play down or reject the brutality of their injuries to pacify their perpetrators with the hope of preventing more violence. Pleading from the victim during this phase usually only serves to increase the violence. 3. Apologies and pardon The abuser acts sorry and seems confused by his actions; generally the abuser starts to cry. The abuser promises to never do it again. The victim focuses on how loving her abuser can be. In relationships that do not have the apology stage the victim is likely to leave their abuser sooner and is less likely to return to the relationship. Records show that there is a direct link between the apology stage and a victims willingness to stay in the relationship. Occurrence of Domestic Violence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Estimates range from 960,000 incidents of violence against a current or former spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend per year to three million women who are physically abused by their husband or boyfriend per year. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Nearly one-third of American women (31 percent) report being physically or sexually abused by a husband or boyfriend at some point in their lives, according to a 1998 Commonwealth Fund survey. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Thirty percent of Americans say they know a woman who has been physically abused by her husband or boyfriend in the past year. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intimate partner violence is primarily a crime against women. In 1999, women accounted for 85 percent of the victims of intimate partner violence (671,110 total) and men accounted for 15 percent of the victims (120,100 total). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The most rapid growth in domestic relations caseloads is occurring in domestic violence filings. Between 1993 and 1995, 18 of 32 states with three-year filing figures reported an increase of 20 percent or more. Conclusion It is clear from the facts collected that the solution to averting domestic violence is in education. It is particularly essential; to teach young people that violence is not an acceptable answer to any problem. We must bring domestic violence to the forefront of our society and not allow it to be a forbidden issue. We must definitely strengthen the value of each person in our society. To help those already involved in violent relationships there must be more spotlights on the self-worth issues of the victim. Once a victim has confidence she is more likely to leave a violent relationship. Economic programs must be prepared in a community in order to take away an abusers second biggest weapon- financial control. There is an enormous requirement for more safe-houses in America. Domestic Violence Shelters provide a safe shelter for women and children to escape the violence. Lastly we must teach our school children about domestic violence. They must be taught from an early age that violence is never allowable and give them the tools needed to identify domestic violence and how to get help if required. It is understandable from all information that violence itself cannot be the subject of mediation and that mediation is not a substitute for counseling, education, and legal sanctions. This led to the clearest guideline, that no criminal cases involving domestic violence should be referred to mediation. The violent act or acts must be dealt with through the actual court procedure in order to highlight the gravity of the act and the fact that domestic violence, where proved, is indeed against the law.

Factors behind Malysias economic boom

Factors behind Malysias economic boom Malaysia is a country endowed with rich resources, possesses well-developed infrastructure and is socio-politically stable. Malaysia has achieved fairly impressive economic success since 1970. Before 1969, Malaysia underwent poverty, unemployment and inter-ethnic economic imbalances caused by colonialism and then by the laissez-faire policies after Independence (Gomez Jomo 1999). From a poverty-stricken country that relies on agriculture and raw materials(rubber and tin exports) as nations economic source, Malaysia has now advance to an export-oriented industrialisation stimulated by technology intensive, knowledge based and capital intensive industries. Malaysia a multicultural country comprised of the 3 dominant ethnic group, Malay(50.4%), Chinese (23.7%) and Indian(7.1%) with an approximate population of 28 million, she is able to maintain economic advance within social unity (CIA World Factbook, 2010). Hence, in appreciative of Malaysias economic success in a sustained multicult ural unison, this essay will provide an overview on the government efforts in moving Malaysias dependence on low-income agricultural sector to export-oriented industrialisation (EOI) as well as attracting lucrative foreign direct investments (FDI). To address these, this essay will be divided into four sections. The first section will present a short account of indicators on Malaysias real GDP and poverty incidence. The second section, divided into subsections, will illustrates the major factors behind Malaysias economic boom in industrialisation and FDI since 1970, primarily through government intervention. The third section will attempt to evaluate Malaysias future economic challenges of how distributive policies may have hindered Malaysias future economic growth. The last section of the essay suggests recommendations on Malaysias approach in sustaining and improving economic growth. MALAYSIAS REAL GDP AND POVERTY INCIDENCE Graph 1 shows the real GDP growth and inflation in percentage of Malaysias economy. Based on the graph, the real growth rate averaged 7.8 per cent per annum during the 1970s but slowed to 6.9% during 1980 fell negative 1 percent in 1985, with better macroeconomic policies and market-based reforms, the Malaysian economy resumed rapid growth in 1987. Over the nine years to 1997, the average growth of GDP accelerates to over 8 per cent. Overall, Malaysias averaged 6.5 per cent of real GDP from 1971 to 2009 is a considerably impressive figure by developing country standards. The inflation rate although highest in 1974 at 17.4 per cent, the inflation has been kept relatively low after the first oil shock, averaging below 4 per cent from 1975 to 2009. Although unemployment rate was relatively higher for the first 2 decade during the implementation of NEP, it averages below 4 percent during the implementation of New Development Policy (NDP) and National Vision Policy (NVP). Graph 2 illustrates the incidence of poverty in Malaysia from 1970 to 1999. The total poverty of incidence shows a declining pattern up to 1997 but the rate moved up slightly in response to the Asian Financial Crisis. 85,900 households poverty in urban areas was reduced to 57,100 in 1993 whereas rural poverty reduced from 791,800 households to 268,200 in 1993. The large decrease in poverty incidence was a result from the growth in the economy, which created job opportunities in the non-traditional sectors (Zin ). FACTORS BEHIND MALAYSIAS ECONOMIC GROWTH Implementation of NEP (1971-1990) One of the major factors that boost Malaysias economic growth was the implementation of the New Economic Policy (NEP) from 1971-1990. According to Athukurola, at independence, native Malays accounted for 52% of the population and dominated politics but were relatively poor as involved mostly in low-productive agricultural activities(Barlow, 2001). However, the ethnic Chinese comprising 37% of the population enjoyed greater economic strength and dominated the most modern sector activities(Barlow, 2001). Of the 49 per cent of household in peninsular that received an income below the poverty line, 88 percent were found in the rural areas. Farmers made up 48 per cent and 30 per cent were farm or estate labourers. (Cho, 1990 p.68) Hence, the NEP prime objectives were to attain national harmony and inter-racial economic parity by eradicating poverty irrespective of race and to eliminate the association of race with economic role by reforming the society (Gomez Jomo, 1999, p. 24). For the former, the overall development plan was reformulated with emphasis on EOI, and development program on rural and urban areas (Menon 2008). The latters objective called for greater government intervention mainly on ethnic affirmative action, which includes accelerating expansion of the Malay middle class, accumulating Malay ownership of share capital in limited companies and producing Malay entrepreneurs (Gomez). In conjunction with the NEP, the main aim of the First Malaysia Plan (1996-70) was to promote agricultural and industrial activities so as to diversify the economy and create employment. Accordingly, the focus was on labour-intensive import and export substitution(). Hence, to achieve these goals, part of the NEP aimed at changing the employment patterns in the urban areas to reflect the racial composition of the country, and increasing Bumiputera equity in corporate ownerships from 2% in 1970 to 30% by 1990 (Menon). In order to achieve the restructuring objective, th e government established a large number of public enterprises such as Petronas(National Oil Corporation), Malaysian Airline System (MAS), and the Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia(HICOM) as well as trust agencies such as National Equity Corporation(PNB) and Amanah Saham Nasional (ASN) (Toh, 1989). Emphasis on EOI Industrialisation appears to be the key sector that led to economic growth in Malaysia. The export coefficient (total merchandise exports as a percentage of GDP) of around 50% in 1965 1880 increased modestly during the 1970s slowed in the first half of the 1980s and rose sharply from about 1987( Athukurola). The ratio was 96% in the mid-1990s. Malaysias export coefficient was the third largest in the developing world in the decade up to the late 1990s coming after the 170 percent of Singapore and 140 percent of Hong Kong. During the 1970s increasing commodities prices were a major determinant of high growth rates. (Africa). The fast-growing manufacturing industry became known as the engine of growth to the country (rasiah rajah). Based on table above, manufacturing sector contributed constant growth rates to the GDP throughout the years and during the NEP period, the percentage rose from a mere 13.9 percent to a substantial share of 27 percent. The Second Malaysia Plan (1971-75) paid much attention to EOI, in addition to increased direct government participation in commercial and industrial activities which signalled a drastic departure from the earlier practice. Structural changes in the Malaysian economy are also reflected in the changing pattern of sectoral employment, with the contribution of agriculture to employment declining from 53.5 per cent in 1970 to 15.2 per cent in 1997 and that of manufacturing rising from 8.7 per cent to 27.5 per cent over the same period (Table 2). Under the Third Malaysia Plan (1976-80), resource-based industries were given a boost, thanks primarily to the discovery of oil and gas. Education and training in the field of industrial engineering were given much emphasis, to relieve shortage of skilled manpower.Among some of the efforts that drove EOI was the opening of Free Trade Zones and licensed manufacturing warehouses in 1972(Jomo,p. 119) The main task of the Fourth Malaysia Plan (1981-85) was to boost productivity, expand the industrial base and modernise the services sector. In addition, small-scale industries were promoted through the provision of training and financing facilities. The Malaysian government had a heavy hand in the launching of the ambitious heavy industrialisation programme in the early 1980s. The establishment of Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia (HICOM) was a strong manifestation of direct government involvement in the countrys industrial development. To both deepen the industrial structure and extend the into high value industries, formed HICOM, a series of heavy and chemical firms in sectors such as steel, cement, automobiles,chemicals, and paper and pulp(Ritchie p.749) Apparently, the policy decision in favour of heavy industrialisation was inspired by the Korean model of industrial development based on the practice of picking winners. In fact, the First Industrial Master Plan (1985-95) had Korean fingerprints all over. The Malaysian heavy industries have been in trouble, saddled with high production costs, heavy debts, market glut and excess capacity. They are simply uncompetitive. They could not have survived, had it not been for state patronage and strong protection. Contribution of FDI to Malaysias Economy Foreign direct investment(FDI) also contributed largely to Malaysias economy. A large number of empirical studies on the role of FDI in host countries suggest that FDI is an important source of capital, complements domestic private investment, is usually associated with new job opportunities and enhancement of technology transfer, and boosts overall economic growth in host countries(Karimi Yusop). To attract a larger inflow of FDI, the government introduced more liberal incentives including allowing a larger percentage of foreign equity ownership in enterprise under the Promotion of Investment Act (PIA), 1986. This effort resulted in a large inflow of FDI after 1987(the inflow of FDI grew at an annual average rate of 38.7 percent between 1986 and 1996). The major areas of investment by foreign companies are in sectors such as electronics and electrical products, chemicals and chemical products, basic metal products, non-metallic mineral products, food manufacturing, plastic products , and scientific and measuring equipment.(Ministry of Finance, 2001). Apart from these policy factors, it is generally believed that sound macroeconomic management, sustained economic growth, and the presence of a well functioning financial system have made Malaysia an attractive prospect for FDI. (Ministry of Finance, 2001). Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been seen as a key driver underlying the strong growth performance experienced by the Malaysian economy. Policy reforms, including the introduction of the Investment Incentives Act 1968, the establishment of FTZs in the early 1970s, and the provision of export incentives alongside the acceleration of open policy in the 1980s, led to a surge of FDI in the late 1980s. WHERE FROM HERE? In determining the future of Malaysia, the government has implemented the National Vision Policy (NVP) First we need to be independent. Local market too protected by the government. Proton. CamPro CONCLUSION To sum up, the economic growth was mainly a result of government outward-oriented policy stance government redistributive policies The profile of the Malaysian economy has changed radically since 1970. It is no longer dependent on a few primary commodities. Its production base has broadened, with manufacturing accounting for a growing share of national output and employment. The Malaysian economy has become more open and outward looking over the years.

Historic Jonesborough, Tennessee :: Descriptive Essay About A Place

Historic Jonesborough, Tennessee Jonesborough is the oldest town in Tennessee; consequently, it draws people from all over the world. The town is known for its great amount of visitors during the story telling festival, Jonesborough Days, and during the fall, when some just like to roam the streets to check out the many interesting shops. For the first-time visitor, I recommend that your first stop to be to the Visitors Center. There are so many things to do in this small town you really need a plan to get you started. The Visitors Center offers several brochures and maps of local attractions and festivals in the area. For $1.00 you can also purchase a map that gives a brief description of each of the shops and cafes. The map also gives the location and description of the downtown inns and bed and breakfasts in the area. The Visitors Center also offers several gift items and souvenirs, such as postcards and books written about the town’s rich history. Several different types of tours of the town are offered, including a horse drawn carriage ride throughout the town. Individual or group tours are also available at varying rates. An individual tour can cost between ten to twelve dollars per person and a large group tour cost as high as three hundred dollars per person. Jonesborough.http://www.historicJonesborough .com/index.html. Another place to visit is the Lollipop Shop. This store is quite unique because it offers over 400 different types of candy. If you have a sweet tooth, this is the shop for you. The kinds of candy they offer are the old-fashion candy sticks I used to buy for a dime, different flavored hard candies, several types of gummy candies, gum, and of course lollipops. While we were there, my wife and I inquired about services the Lollipop Shop offers, such as birthday party packages available through the shop. The bear parties are very unique, and we hadn’t tried them before. The children are given a choice of one of about twenty different choices of stuffed animals. They then go to stuff the animal and fluff it. They also offer to give their creation, which comes with adoption papers, a name. This party is offered for fourteen dollars per child. With another package, for eighteen dollars per person, in addition to stuffing their animal of choice, they get to decorate a cookie, and the y get a slushie.

Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494 (1951) :: essays research papers

Facts: The petitioners, the leaders of the Communist Political Association (CPA), reorganized the Association into the Communist Party through changing its policies of peaceful cooperation with the United States and its economic and political structure to into the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of the Communist Party. The Communist Party set itself apart from other political parties by disregarding the normal process of change set forth by the constitution. From the literature, statements, and activities of the petitioners, the Communist Party leaders, it is clear that their goal was to achieve a successful overthrow of the government of the United States through the use of force and violence. Procedural History: Petitioners, leaders of the Communist Party, were convicted of violation of sec. 2 and 3 of the Smith Act due to the fact that the pretrial motion to stop the indictment on the grounds that the statute was unconstitutional was denied. The Court of Appeals upheld the conviction, and the defendants once again appeal the verdict. A writ of limited certiorari was granted by the Supreme Court. Issues: 1.)Are sec. 2 and 3 of the Smith Act violates the First Amendment and other provisions of the Bill of Rights? 2.)Are the rights to advocate the overthrow of the government protected by the First and Fifth Amendments? Holdings: The convictions are affirmed because the court ruled that the Smith Act was constitutional and that the governments’ right to self-preservation at times overrules the rights granted by the Bill of Rights. Analysis of Majority Opinion: Shenck vs. United States 249 U.S. 47 (1919) created the precedent allowing for the right of freedom of speech to be violated when there is a â€Å"clear and present danger† to the government. The petitioners clearly intended to overthrow the government because they advocated this action. This is important because it passes one of the major tests of justice in America, intent. It is understandable for the government to put forth its best efforts to protect itself from rebellion making the Smith Act entirely reasonable. Analysis of Concurring Opinion- Frankfurter: The individual is not the only one who as the right to self-preservation, the government shares this right as well as it is shown through the Smith Act. Whereas the individual has a right to self-preservation, the government as well shares this right, and it is manifested in the Smith Act. Also, the Constitution does not entirely guarantee the freedom of speech which was set forth in the early years of the Constitution to prove this.

Gender Roles in American Society Essay -- Sociology American Culture

Gender Roles in American Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Femininity and masculinity are topics that have been debated over in our society extensively, through psychological research and day to day interaction with people. Children learn from their parents as well as society the concept of â€Å"feminine† and â€Å"masculine.† The majority of people tend to believe that these conceptions are biological but I believe it is more cultural. From birth, female children are shaped by society as being sweet, caring, loving, and delicate and usually associated with the color pink. While male children are shaped by being tough, aggressive, and competitive and associated with the color blue. As these children grow, the boy is given a football to play with and the girl a Barbie. All of these aspects illustrate how gender socialization takes place early in children’s lives and how society has made it a norm to accept these stereotypes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of the stereotypes are usually influenced by the child’s parents. Children are not worried about their gender or identity until late childhood. It is then that the child will begin to develop a sense of self and begin to understand their own identity. Gender roles in Western culture have been changing constantly in recent years due to the fact that there are constant changes in our society (women entering the workforce, Betty the homemaker is not too ideal these days, and single parent homes). Gender roles are part of the socialization process. These ideals are...

Essentials of Planning Study Guide

CHAPTER 4—ESSENTIALS OF PLANNING MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Planning is a. a complex and comprehensive process involving interrelated stages. b. organizing, implementing, and controlling. c. finding the best person for a job. d. communicating effectively with stakeholders. 2. Strategic plans are designed to a. implement operational plans. b. establish day-by-day procedures. c. shape the destiny of the firm. d. carrying out the functions of management. 3. The purpose of tactical planning is to a. establish a general purpose for the organization. b. translate strategic plans into specific goals and plans for organizational units. . tell entry level workers what to do on a daily basis. d. compensate for past mistakes. 4. Branch manager Hector establishes recycling goals for his branch to support the company's strategic goal of being a good environmental partner. What is Hector doing? a. tactical planning b. strategic planning c. long-range planning d. vision formulation 5. A study of CEO failure indicated that 70 percent of the time their failures were attributed to a. poorly developed plans. b. poor execution, not poor planning. c. over-ambitious plans. d. lack of adequate cost controls. 6.A manager controls the plan when he or she a. creates a vision statement. b. creates a mission statement. c. establishes a budget to pay for the action plan. d. checks to see how well goals are being attained. 7. A contingency plan is implemented if the a. strategic plan is too modest. b. control processes do not work. c. original plan cannot be implemented. d. action plan succeeds. 8. Which one of the following is a component of true business strategy? a. a high level of operational effectiveness b. a set of activities common to other firms c. giving customers trade-offs d. aving quite different activities to make similar products for different markets 9. A key difference between a vision and a mission is that a. b. c. d. the mission relates more to today's realities. a mission is set farther into the future. a vision does not deal with products or services. a vision deals more with operations. 10. A recommended procedure for formulating strategy is for top-level managers to a. form a small committee to do most of the work. b. gather inputs from large numbers of people. c. perform the task themselves during a retreat. d. base strategy on fixing customer complaints. 1. The purpose of the strategic inventory is to help the manager a. size up the environment accurately. b. determine how much inventory is on hand. c. involve workers at all levels in formulating strategy. d. develop operating plans. 12. Which one of the following strategies should be classified as a business-level strategy? a. strategic alliances b. diversification of goods and services c. product differentiation d. sticking to core competencies 13. The purpose of a SWOT analysis is to assess a. strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. b. strategy, weaknesses, options, and time. . sa tisfactions, worst options, and trade-offs. d. successes, winners, and ominous threats. 14. Which one of the following is not one of the five competitive forces that business strategists are supposed to take into account? a. competition among business units within the firm b. the power of customers to affect pricing and reduce profit margins c. the threat of similar or substitute products d. the power of suppliers to influence the company's pricing 15. The firm's purpose and where it fits into the world is identified by the a. strategy. b. policy. c. mission. d. objective. 16.McDonald's states that it would like â€Å"to satisfy the world's appetite for good food, well-served, at a price people can afford. † The preceding reflects McDonald's a. cost-leadership strategy. b. mission. c. annual goal statement. d. advertising campaign. 17. Krispy Kreme donuts, a well-known donut retailer (but much smaller than Dunkin Donuts), most likely emphasizes which one of the following busi ness strategies? a. cost leadership b. product differentiation c. strategic alliances d. high speed 18. When two pharmaceutical firms get together to market a drug, their strategy is referred to as a. igh speed. b. cost leadership. c. product differentiation. d. a strategic alliance. 19. Suppose that Starbucks opens a nation-wide chain of carwashes, called Starbucks Car Wash. After two years, the executive team sells of the car washes, and invests the cash back into building more Starbucks stores. The strategy illustrated is referred to as a. high speed. b. sticking to core competencies. c. product diversification. d. a strategic alliance. 20. A functional strategy for becoming and remaining a successful organization is to a. form a strategic alliance. b. ind and retain competent people. c. get to market faster than others. d. export products. 21. Assume that Motorola developed a cell and camera phone so small it comes with a strap to wear on the wrist like a watch. Which strategy d oes this product launch most likely fit? a. cost leadership b. product differentiation c. focus d. high speed 22. Save-A-Lot has become one of the most successful grocery chains by serving the poor and offering low prices. This is an example of a. focus strategy. b. premium pricing. c. product differentiation d. cost leadership 23.Policies serve as guidelines to action a. that still allow for some interpretation. b. that must be followed quite strictly. c. for workers below the top-management level. d. mostly in the areas of finance and human resources. 24. Management by objectives (MBO) includes a. reviewing group members’ proposals. b. creating action plans to achieve objectives. c. establishing unit objectives. d. all of the choices. 25. Part of Domino’s Pizza’s original success was based on getting pizzas delivered more quickly than competitors. This strategy is called a. strategic planning b. cost leadership c. ocus. d. high speed TRUE/FALSE 1. T The first step in the planning process is defining the present situation. 2. T In planning, measuring external threats is part of defining the present situation. 3. F The major thrust of business strategy is to achieve a high level of operational effectiveness and efficiency. 4. T An exit strategy might be part of the contingency plan. 5. T A firm's strategy is a master plan for achieving its goals and objectives. 6. T A major aspect of the nature of business strategy is to choose a unique set of activities to deliver a unique value. 7.T The mission of the Grand Union supermarket chain is probably to provide food, beverages, and related merchandise (all of high quality) to the general public. 8. T The purpose of crowdcasting is to obtain widespread input into the development of business strategy. 9. T To bring about a successful SWOT analysis, it is important to be clear about what you are doing and why. 10. T Firms must constantly change in order to be aligned with their key environments. 11 . T The major purpose of the strategic inventory is to help the manager size up the competition, the customers, and the technology necessary to compete effectively. 2. T Corporate-level strategy is concerned with the total direction of the enterprise and the selection of specific businesses. 13. F A SWOT analysis is often used to decide upon which weapons and tactics will be used to deal with a corporate crisis such as a contaminated food product. 14. T One of the five competitive forces is the power of customers to affect pricing and reduce profit margins. 15. F Corporate-level strategy helps answer the question, â€Å"Which businesses should we enter? † 16. F One of the competitive forces identified by Michael Porter is the power of charities to extract money from a corporation. 7. F The experience of General Motors in diversifying into financial services illustrates how sticking to core competencies is the most effective business strategy. 18. F The Rolls Royce and Mercede s Benz automobiles are examples of a cost leadership strategy. 19. F Nike and Apple get together to produce a soccer ball that plays tunes when in motion, illustrating a functional-level business strategy. 20. T An example of the business strategy of sticking to core competencies is for a company like Papa John's Pizza to concentrate on selling pizza and related food and beverage items to the public. 1. T A medical products firm specializes in the manufacture of prosthetic arms and legs, thereby illustrating a focus strategy. 22. T A rule is a specific course of action or conduct that must be followed;. 23. T Operational planning often focuses on the short term. 24. T An MBO program involves people setting many objectives for themselves. 25. F In management by objectives, the objectives start at the bottom of the organization and move upward. ESSAY 1. Explain the nature of business strategy, including its four major components.Use a real or hypothetical company in at least two place s in your answer. ANS: A strategy is an integrated overall concept and plan of how the organization will achieve its goals and objectives. According to Porter, business strategy has four components: Strategy involves more than operational effectiveness; Strategy rests on unique activities (Southwest Airlines’activities focus on low-cost, convenient service); A sustainable strategic position requires trade-offs (Dollar General has low prices but lacks an inviting store atmosphere); and Fit drives both competitive advantage and sustainability.PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: pp. 123-125 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking, Strategy 2. Several laptops were stolen from an office by a group of people pretending to be part of the cleaning company. Every laptop stolen contained sensitive client data. After the theft, all clients had to be notified that their personal information may have been compromised. The breach of security prompted 25 percent of the company’s clients to close their accoun ts. 1. What are policies and rules? 2. Could policies and rules have prevented this situation? Explain ANS: 1.Policies are general guidelines to follow when making decisions and taking action; they are plans. A rule is a specific course of action or conduct that must be followed; it is the simplest type of plan. Ideally, each rule fits a strategic plan. 2. If the company had policies and rules on how computer ID and passwords should be stored, and how laptops should be secured, these problems would most likely have been avoided. PTS: 1 DIF: D REF: pp. 140-141 NAT: AACSB: Technology, Information Technology 3. Write a memo to managers in your company, explaining an MBO program that your company intends to implement.ANS: An MBO program involves sequential steps: Establishing organizational goals; Establishing unit objectives; Reviewing group members’ proposals; Negotiating or agreeing; Creating action plans to achieve objectives; and Reviewing performance. PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: p. 143 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking, HRM 4. Using the planning model, how would you plan an event for 500 people. ANS: The steps of the planning model include: 1. Define the situation (a birthday); 2. Establish the goals and objectives (good food, good music, good setting, 500 friends); 3.Analyze the environment in terms of aids and barriers to goals and objectives (aids: many people to help, ballroom with a nice atmosphere available–barriers: high costs); 4. Develop action plans to reach goals and objectives (list calls to be made to florist, restaurant, musicians); 5. Develop budgets (establish cost per person for food and beverage, cost for centerpieces, cost for musicians); 6. Implement the plans (reserve the ballroom, musicians, send out invitations); 7. Control the plans (oversee the food service, the music, the seating. ) PTS: 1 DIF: M REF: p. 119 NAT: AACSB: Reflective Thinking, Strategy