Digital Reconsruction of America Tropical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Digital Reconsruction of America Tropical - Essay Example The America Tropical was created during the height of Siqueiros’ haunt for justice and freedom for all oppressed. He expressed it through that mural about all race whether Indians, Creoles, African-American, Mexican-Americans who were tyrannized by their governments. The mural scandalized officials of Olvera Street because it signifies imperialism and a very powerful statement. Olvera Street is an epitome of a Mexican marketplace, which is old-fashioned, folkloric, precious, busy, crowded, and persistently evading anything about political, outrageous and political. In other words, it is a very conservative and historic place for tourists and people who want a peaceful life in their surroundings. Siqueiros broke the silence when he painted it on the street combined with the political theme, but due to wide resistance from the officials, the mural eventually covered by white paint. But then again, the white paint in fact protected the mural from the effects of heavy rain and ext reme exposure to sunlight. Due to widespread acceptance and requests from Chicano artists, they campaigned for the preservation of the America Tropical and a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the restoration of the mural through a platform at the Olvera Street. Christine Sterling was never appreciative of this kind of artwork, she advocated for the rebuilding of the street into a tourist attraction with a theme of a Mexican marketplace. She wanted to expose the city’s Mexican heritage and even hired laborers from the recruited from the local jail to pursue her plans. She really wanted to preserve the city’s rich Mexican influence, but in essence, she never consulted the community of Mexican-Americans to discuss on how they can elaborate the significance and content of the restoration. It is subjective and the approach is more of authoritarian rather than participatory. She deprived the real voice and symbol of Olvera Street, which is the Mexican heritage and struggl e of the people in pursuit for freedom and justice. The objectives of Sterling is kind of related to the Mission Myth because of the romanticism it gets from the restoration and reconstruction project that only depicts tourism, charm and beauty behind the culture and Mexican heritage (Cadge-Moore). It does not encompass the reality of the heritage that is struggle and freedom for social justice and oppression. In addition, elements behind Sequeiros’ mural does not complement with the views of Sterling. The mural portrayed a central figure of an indigenous peasant tied around the double- crossed wood and above the Indian peasant is an eagle representing imperialism as the artist wanted to convey the many sufferings of the people under the government tyranny. A controversial masterpiece of Siqueiros combined public street art with political and revolutionary leanings. While Sterling wanted to create a venue of romanticism and contentment. Frida Kahlo Frida Kahlo is known for he r strong and progressive character who embraced her Mexican heritage throughout her lifetime. Although less influential during her time, her works became popular in the 20th century due to Chicano Movement. She joined the revolution along with her husband, Diego Rivera. Her paintings became a symbol of her character defining her experience and sufferings. One painting is her self-portrait entitled, â€Å"

Union Membership Trend Essay Example for Free

Union Membership Trend Essay On January 27 of this year the annual labor report was released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. On this very same day the USA Today along with several other media vultures jumped on this information as if they knew what was already going to be on it. The article titled â€Å"Union membership up slightly, outlook in doubt† written by Sam Hananel, summarized the numbers in detail and left no doubt that the current union membership trend will continue in its downward slide. The fact is union membership has been in decline since 1980, and back then the percentage of covered salaried or wage workers was only about 20%. Today the percentage of unionized workers stands at 11.8% down 0.1% from the previous year. The funny thing about these numbers is the political spin everyone has put on them, to include Mr. Hananel; which makes me wonder if I’ve missed some fine print. Upon further review of the article at hand I still remain convince that a negative union membership trend will continue along with the current government practice of downplaying the numbers. Even though the author tried to put a positive on the numbers that fortunate don’t lie. The current percentages of unionized workers mirrors those on record from the time of the â€Å"Great Depression.† The current recession, that yes, we’re still in, doesn’t bode well for any significant positive upswing in union membership. The government will continue to introduce and press on rhetoric that will equate the union membership decline to republican legislative action as this reporter took the liberty of, in mentioning Wisconsin, while dismissing the actions of a democratic legislature in California that succeeded in reducing union benefits. The numbers provided also shed more light on government efforts, which have been dismal at best at all levels. Now labor organizers are focusing some of their efforts on government workers; in an attempt to lure them in as members, but the reality of this trend is that those numbers are severely limited at a time when government workers have not received a raise in two years and are still waiting to see  if they’ll receive one come January 1st while a world-wide hiring freeze was also implemented in January of this year and thus lifted with limitations on certain agencies in July. I don’t believe union membership will ever attain a level in membership numbers that will come close in comparison to the apex reached in the 1930’s when a 1/3 of the salaried workforce was represented. Government Legislation over the years has provided adequate protection for today’s workforce. As the swell in interest on Human Resources activities has created a better management tool for businesses to not only protect themselves but their employees also. I still believe more can be done to protect all workers regardless of union or non-union affiliation. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/workplace/story/2012-01-27/union-membership-growing/52817346/1

Inductive Exegesis Paper -- Religion, Bible, Paul

CONTEXT Most NT Scholars acknowledge 1 Thessalonians was written by Paul and dated around A.D. 50. The recipients were new converted Christians in Thessalonica where Paul newly built the infant church on the second missionary trip. To understand the reason why Paul wrote the letter, we need to explore into the situation of Thessalonians’ church has dealt with. Acts 17 describes the church of Thessalonica was being non-stop attacked since it was set up. The attacks reflected in Paul wrote some â€Å"bad word† against the oppressors (1 Thess 2:14b) and reminded the Thessalonians he had warned them in before (3:4). The oppositions and attacks became so severely that Paul and his companions had to leave Thessalonica suddenly. They were continually chased in Beroea until they furthered to Athens. Since Paul has not spent much time in this infant church, he was so worry about the newly converters faith. Paul tried to go back to Thessalonica but he was blocked. (2:17-18). Then, he sent Timothy back to Thessalonica to pasture them. Timothy finally brought back good news by reporting the church was standing firmly in faith (3:6), but might need â€Å"more teaching in certain area and of encouragement in trials.† Paul obviously could not go back at that time and in this context he wrote the letters of 1 and 2 Thessalonians. The 1 Thessalonians consists two halves: the first half (1:6-3:13) concerns Paul's original visit to Thessalonica and the converters responses to the Gospel. The second half (4:1-5:22) is Paul's teaching on the Thessalonian believers about the issues of conduct and beliefs. In Chapter 4, Paul begins with â€Å"Finally, brother† (v.1) obviously indicating he is turning to a new set of topics to advise. After making advice on mai... ...Thess 4:13-18 expressed how Paul interprets the relation of Jesus’ resurrection and the Parousia. Since 1 Cor 15 Paul has also discussed the issue of Jesus’ resurrection, this passage, written early than 1 Corinthians, provides good cross reference for further investigation of how Paul viewing Jesus’ resurrection. And Paul expresses different Christ’ works and identities in this passage which providing good resources in preaching and Bible study in the church. Question 1.Paul does not clearly explain about the status of resurrection, is same as Jesus’ resurrection, is body resurrection (Jesus showed his hands and wound ribs to ten disciples and Thomas) or in other form? 2. The apocalyptic depictions of â€Å"word of command†, â€Å"archangel figures† and â€Å"trumpet of God† have not been explored much in this paper for lack of space. I think we should ponder more in detail.

Catcher in The Rye Essay -- essays research papers

Catcher in the Rye   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  J.D Salinger’s novel â€Å"Catcher in the Rye,† focuses mainly on Holden Caulfield because he is the narrator and the novel is about his memory of characters and events throughout the story. These characters are more than just remembrances but actually help the reader to better understand Holden. Mr. Antolini, Phoebe, and Jane Gallagher are all characters that help fully characterize Holden.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mr. Antolini helps the reader better understand Holden’s hasty judgments about characters in the novel. He is one of the few people in the novel who Holden respects and does not consider a â€Å"phony.† Holden respects Mr. Antolini because he understands him and does not treat him like an inferior student like the rest of his teachers do. Mr. Antolini is very open with Holden and this is shown when he lets him stay the night in his apartment. Holden’s quick judgments of people are shown and better understood when Mr. Antolini touches his forehead while he sleeps in chapter 24. â€Å"I know more damn perverts, at schools and all, than anybody you ever met, and they’re always being perverty when I’m around.†(192) Holden jumps to conclusions right away when he wakes up to Mr. Antolini touching his forehead. Instead of thinking that his teacher was just showing affection and care for a student he is very quick to think that he is a pervert and homosexual. In the quote Holden says, â€Å"they’re always being perverty when I’m around,† this is more evidence that Holden jumps to conclusions and is quick with assumptions rather than to think about what it is to be a pervert. He thinks that he is just in the wrong place at the wrong time but it is more likely that he just assumes they are being â€Å"perverty† when they are truly not. Another example of Holden being quick with judgment is directly after the incident happens. Without letting the incident sink in, Holden changes into his clothes and runs out of the apartment. Mr. Antolini and the events that take place in his apartment help the reader fully understand Holden. Mr. Antolini is a compassionate person and his actions are out of care for his friend and student, Holden’s quick and hasty judgment is shown when he overlooks Mr. Antolini’s concern and affection for a homosexual advance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Phoebe is another character that helps the reader bet... ...y voice was shaking something awful.† Holden’s helplessness to realize that sex can be casual is showing that he is immature and that he doesn’t want to let go of his childhood innocence. Jane’s character, a girl who Holden knows very well and has affection for, has casual sex which makes Holden very upset, this helps the reader better understand Holden’s immatureness and his refusal to let go of his childhood innocence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the novel â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† the reader is able to better understand Holden by the characters in his remembrances. Mr. Antolini, a person who shows affection for Holden, shows the reader that Holden makes quick assumptions and judgments with characters in the novel. Phoebe, Holden’s younger sister, makes it evident to the reader that Holden does not want to grow up, mature, and have a future as an adult. Jane Gallagher’s character also helps the reader better understand Holden by making it evident that he does not want to let go of his childhood innocence. Although Holden’s character is the main focus of the novel, his remembrances of other key characters help define him and give the reader a better understanding of who he is.

Iago’s soliloquy at the end of Act 1 Essay

â€Å"Iago’s soliloquy at the end of Act 1; what does his language tell us about his character and motivation? How does it compare with his language in the rest of the act†? Iago seems to be presented as a Machiavellian villain; he is cunning and always seems to know what’s going to happen. In Iago’s soliloquy at the end of Act 1 Scene3, he says of Roderigo â€Å"thus do I ever make my fool my purse†. This conveys Iago’s character as superior and manipulative. Iago states that Roderigo is a â€Å"fool†; a stupid moron. He also calls him a â€Å"snipe† which is a small bird which also is used to mean unintellegent. Iago refers to Roderigo possessively, referring to him as â€Å"my fool† as if the extent of his own influence makes Roderigo his own possession (as with â€Å"my purse†; purse being an object that is owned). By saying â€Å"I even make† Iago is implying that manipulating a â€Å"fool† for their money is a usual activity for him, as if he always does this. Iago holds such little respect for Roderigo and feels himself so superior that he â€Å"should profane if [he] time expend with such †¦ But for [his] sport and profit†. He’s claiming that Roderigo is so beneath him that it is only for the money (â€Å"profit†) and the game he plays with the characters (â€Å"sport†) that he’d ever bother wasting his time with such an idiot. This seems to be revealing of Iago’s attitude toward social classes. Just because another character is richer or has higher social standing this does not mean that he has any extra respect for them. Taking into account that England in the Elizabethan era worked with strict social classes I think that Shakespeare uses Iago’s lack of respect for the system as another way of demonising him. He is the villain because he believes himself to be superior to everyone else. Iago is Othello’s ‘ancient’. However, Iago obviously feels he is superior to his master. Iago likens Othello to a donkey; a dull, stupid animal. Iago says Othello will â€Å"be led by th’ nose. As asses are†. Asses, or donkeys, are literally led by the nose with a harness. Might the harness be the society they are both part of? This implies that Othello is not free. It implies that he is tamed, obedient, dependent and without a mind of his own. It is Iago’s intention to use this harness to lead Othello to his ruin. In act 1 scene 1 Iago reveals his views on the roles of master and servant (in his case ancient) to Roderigo. Iago’s opinions show his perceived superiority in his character. Iago says how there are â€Å"many a duteous and knee crooking knave that†¦wears out his time, much like his master’s ass†. He is saying that the dutiful are â€Å"knee crooking†, meaning that they bow down, accepting their inferiority. To say that a subordinate â€Å"wears out his time much like his master’s ass† shows how he feels that they waste their lives being another’s workhorse while receiving none of the profits. In this respect Iago feels himself above Othello. By later referring to Othello as an â€Å"ass† he could be the â€Å"knee crooking knave† to the governors of Venice. This is what I feel is supposed to be conveyed by the line: â€Å"were I the Moor, I would not be Iago†. Iago is resentful of the lack of recognition he has received from his society. I would say that Iago has motivation against his society. He misses out on promotion and Cassio takes the position. He resents Cassio for being better educated and of higher social standing. From scene 1 Iago says â€Å"I know my price, I am worth no worse a place† when telling Roderigo of being passed over for promotion. I think that Shakespeare has Iago say this because he’s supposed to be resentful of the lack of recognition he’s received. By saying â€Å"I know my price† he is also saying that no-one else perceives his worth. Iago mentions that Cassio is â€Å"a Florentine† while disrespectfully describing him. That Shakespeare has Iago mention this means that it is relevant. Perhaps that Iago disapproves of a Florentine being promoted in a Venetian army shows he has a kind of respect for the society he’s in. If he is ambitious then he is ambitious toward the higher roles/accomplishments of his own society; Venice. Iago may also feel he has not been duly acknowledged for the fighting he has done for the causes of Venice â€Å"at Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds Christian and Heathen†. By not being advanced he may have felt the sacrifices he made were not appreciated, as if he’d been cheated, which may explain why he cheats so much in the conventions of his society. Iago is presented as being a very effective user of language. He seems to know exactly the right language to use in order to affect the decisions of the other characters. When bating Brabantio he uses course language about his family to infuriate him. Instead of merely informing Brabantio of his daughter’s whereabouts and who she is with Iago tells him that â€Å"your daughter and the moor are now making the beast with two backs†. â€Å"Making the beast with two backs† is a crude euphemism for having sex. â€Å"Beast† implies that the sex is ugly and savage. Iago uses the word ‘moor’ instead of his name, Othello, to bring attention to his race as opposed to his high rank and standing in Venice. Iago knows how to offend. He immediately starts referring to Brabantio’s family in animal terms; â€Å"you’ll have your nephews neigh to you; you’ll have coursers for cousins and jennets for germans†. In the Elizabethan era it was probably a taboo to have a mixed race marriage probably because people of African origins would have been considered inferior. This is a reason why Iago refers to Othello as a horse (â€Å"coursers for cousins†). As a further example of Iago’s ability to alarm through his seemingly perverted perception would be â€Å"you’ll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse†. Iago alarms him by conjuring bestial imagery. Bestiality is sacrilegious, which a few hundred years ago was more important than it is now. Perhaps this sacrilegious imagery influenced Brabantio to rationalise his daughter’s behaviour as witchcraft. Shakespeare presents Iago as an effective liar. This must be the case as Othello refers to him in Act one as â€Å"Honest Iago†. He also describes him as â€Å"a man he is of honesty and trust†. Despite Iago keeping Roderigo’s presents to Desdemona for himself he still can convince him of his trustworthiness. When reassuring Roderigo he says â€Å"I have professed me thy friend, and I confess me knit to thy deserving with cables of perdurable toughness†. By claiming that he is Roderigo’s ‘professed’ friend and that he’s prepared to help him with everlasting strength he convinces of his honesty. Iago also successfully manipulates Roderigo by repeatedly suggesting (instructing really) to â€Å"put money in thy purse† so as he can take it from him. Iago repeats this six times. Iago also convinces Roderigo to do his biddings by distracting him with his philosophies; â€Å"Our bodies are our gardens, to which are wills are gardeners†. In this speech Iago basically turns Roderigo’s loss into his own gain.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Essay Example

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Essay Example Effects of the Industrial Revolution Paper Effects of the Industrial Revolution Paper Essay Topic: Deforestation Environmental Effects of the Industrial Revolution The environmental damage caused by this revolution was not seen until around the 1 asss, and by that time most Of the damage was already irreversible. When the earths natural resources are depleted, the environment and the wildlife that inhabits it suffer greatly. Because of the increase in production that the Industrial Revolution spurred on, easily attainable fuel sources like wood were used in large amounts that had very significant impacts on the environment but were over looked because of the desire to speed up reduction at any cost. The dependence on this natural resource during this industrial time period became one of the largest causes of deforestation which not only affects the trees and the forest, but it also affects the wildlife that have made the forest their home. Deforestation ultimately leads to a lack of trees, which help to rid the air and water of the harmful pollutants and carbon emissions that factories put out into the environment. Without trees there is no clean air, and without clean air there can be no life. Speaking of life, the Industrial Revolution caused a great increase in the worldwide population. While this may not necessarily sound like a huge problem, think of all the natural resources that factory production has already depleted and then think about our planets dependency on these limited resources to live. Human population growth is indelibly tied together with increased use of natural and man-made resources, energy, land for growing food and for living, and waste by-products that are disposed of, to decompose, pollute or be recycled. McCall) The Industrial Revolution also changed medicine and living standards, which raised life expectancy to an all time high from the sasss when the Black Plague reduced the worldwide population by about 75 million people. (McCall) Although this wasnt looked at as a great threat to the environment by most, it helped to further deplete the earths natural resources, which are essential to life. Water pollution, air pollution, and the depletion Of the earths natural resources are only a few results of the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the environment.

Examining Good Practices Of Compliance Governance And Assurance Accounting Essays

Examining Good Practices Of Compliance Governance And Assurance Accounting Essays Examining Good Practices Of Compliance Governance And Assurance Accounting Essay Examining Good Practices Of Compliance Governance And Assurance Accounting Essay Good administration patterns are now going a necessity for administrations around the universe including those in the corporate, not-for-profit and public sectors. With the globalization of economic systems, the international force per unit area for attachment to a good administration model continues to increase. Part 1 of this paper outlines and explains the constructs of administration, conformity and confidence. Separate 2 utilizations relevant illustrations to explicate and show these relationships. As conformity and confidence are cardinal facets of answerability, hazard appraisal and direction procedures within the administration model, corporate boards and direction must show leading in these countries to guarantee the unity of the administration model is upheld. Part 1 Administration The cardinal construct of administration is stewardship. In its simplest signifier administration can be described as a system by which corporations are directed and controlled through a model of regulations, relationships, systems and procedures. In add-on, those who control the fate of a corporation make so, non chiefly for their ain benefit, but instead for the benefit of a broad scope of groups and persons which have an involvement in the personal businesss of the corporation. Furthermore, as described by Justice Owen in the HIH Royal Commission, administration encompasses the mechanisms by which companies, and those in control, are held to account ( HIH 2003 ) . Key rules of corporate administration suggested by the ASX Corporate Governance Council and the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development ( OECD ) include: Recognise and manage hazard Respect the rights of stockholders Remunerate reasonably and responsibly Disclosure and transparence The function of stakeholders in corporate administration Safeguard unity in fiscal coverage Promote ethical and responsible decision-making Structure the board and monitoring of board public presentation Although there is no individual theoretical account of good corporate administration, there is consensus that the model should stipulate the distribution of rights and duties among different participants in the corporation, such as the board, directors, stockholders and other stakeholders. It should besides spell out the regulations and processs for doing determinations on corporate personal businesss. By making this, it besides provides the construction through which company aims are set and the agencies of achieving those aims. Transparency is an indispensable component of a well-functioning system of corporate administration. Seasonably and balanced revelations to stakeholders are the rule agencies by which companies can go crystalline. Similarly, hazard direction and an effectual system of internal control are critical to good corporate administration. Conformity No corporate administration theoretical account will be effectual unless there is a civilization of conformity within the administration. In general, conformity agencies conforming to regulations, such as policies, criterions or codifications, statutory Torahs and accepted community and ethical criterions. An of import accelerator for conformity enterprises is the being of inducements for unscrupulous managers and directors of endeavors to work the resources of the concern. Therefore the rule intent of conformity enterprises is to guarantee that those responsible for the administration of an administration comply with steps intended to protect the involvement of all stakeholders. This can be achieved through the execution of a conformity plan. An effectual conformity plan can non merely cut down an organisationaa‚Â ¬a„?s hazard of interrupting the jurisprudence but can besides advance a civilization of conformity and promote good corporate citizenship ( Fels 1999 ) . In add-on, conformity plans can ; Identify and extenuate hazards, Improve communicating and coverage, and Increase ethical behavior within an administration. Conformity can besides be described as an result of an administration run intoing its duties and should be aligned with the organisationaa‚Â ¬a„?s overall strategic aims. Furthermore, as portion of a good administration model an administration will implement confidence plans to supply conformity accreditation to stakeholders. Assurance Assurance can be defined as a procedure that provides assurance that planned aims will be achieved within an acceptable grade of residuary hazard. It can besides be described as a nucleus constituent of the administration model in which direction provides accurate and current information to the stakeholders about the efficiency and effectivity of its policies and operations, and the position of its conformity with statutory duties. In add-on, confidence dramas an of import function in transparence as information demands to be verified in order to do it believable and utile to interested parties. As confidence services are aimed at direct appraisal of hazard direction, control, or administration procedures of an administration a typical confidence plan would include an ; audit commission, internal audit map, and external audit map. Be it their one-year fiscal statements, systems of internal control or conformity with contractual or legislative duties an independent reappraisal procedure adds to the unity of an entityaa‚Â ¬a„?s revelations. In other words, confidence enhances the grade of assurance of the intended users about the result or measuring of an entityaa‚Â ¬a„?s revelations. Part 2 In response to the loss of investor assurance following legion corporate failures, and the serious corporate control deductions that accompanied them, regulators had small pick but to pass both the conformity and confidence elements within the administration model. Although a study by the Cadbury Committee ( Cadbury, 1992 ) drew attending to the demand for improved confidence manner back in the early 1890ss stakeholders had to wait until 2002 before regulators introduced important reform. Following the prostration of Enron and WorldCom the United States responded with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002. In 2004, following the prostration of HIH Insurance Ltd, Australia introduced the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program ( CLERP ) 9 Act to assist beef up lacks in the countries of auditing, peculiarly the independency of hearers, and fiscal coverage. The purpose of these steps is to back up the relationship between administration, conformity and confidence. In the absence of conformity and confidence the benefits associated with corporate administration are limited. This is supported by Tricker ( 2000 ) whose wide definition of corporate administration is that it is concerned with the exercising of power over corporate entities. In the narrow focal point of bureau theory, that power would be interpreted as the balance between managers and stockholders. Therefore, to accomplish bureau equilibrium it is indispensable that corporations implement a administration model that includes encompassing a civilization of conformity to guarantee conformance to all regulations and ordinances and the extenuation of hazard through rigorous confidence plans such as internal and external audits. Enron, WorldCom and HIH provide good illustrations of the effects that result from dysfunctional administration mechanisms. Ineffective hazard confidence and corporate administration procedures have produced ruinous consequences, so it is imperative that company direction and managers work together to guarantee that their administration has the hazard direction and command resources required to accomplish their organizational ends ( Rittenberg A ; Anderson 2002 ) . In add-on the integrating of the audit map with the administrations corporate scheme and hazard direction will further heighten the administration model and animate some much demand religion back into the corporate market. Regardless of the effectivity and efficiency of regulators to implement good administration patterns, the hazard of corporate failure is still in the custodies of company boards and direction. However, the hazard of loss ensuing from unequal procedures, from people and systems or from external events will be lower in a administration environment entwined in conformity and confidence.

Sewing Machines Believed to Contain Red Mercury

Sewing Machines Believed to Contain Red Mercury Do you have an old Singer sewing machine? If so, it may be worth $50,000. BBC is reporting on a sewing machine hoax in Saudia Arabia in which people are rushing to buy old Singer sewing machines based on the belief that they might contain red mercury. No one knows for sure where the rumor started, much less the more curious rumor that you can hold your mobile phone up to a sewing machine to somehow detect the presence of red mercury. The story goes you will lose your signal if you hold your phone up to the needle of a sewing machine that contains red mercury. What Is Red Mercury? Its a fabled substance that might be used to produce nuclear weapons, ward off evil spirits, or help you find treasure, depending on who you ask. There is no real proof that red mercury exists, except perhaps as cinnabar or vermillion (HgS) or mercury(II) iodide, either of which you can purchase sans sewing machine for a much lower price. Still, if you have your old Singer up for auction at eBay, it might fetch a higher price than you were expecting. If youre considering buying an old Singer, save your pennies until after the scam has run its course.

Business studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business studies - Essay Example Other important applications include informing the details of the company to the sales personnel, suppliers and others so that they become aware of company's goals and achievements. Feasibility study is an important phase in the development process. It enables the developer to have an assessment of the product being developed. It refers to the feasibility study of the product in terms of outcomes of the product, operational use and technical support required for implementing it. Economic Feasibility: It refers to the benefits or outcomes. We are deriving from the product as compared to the total cost we are spending for developing the product. If the benefits are more or less the same as the older system, then it is not feasible to develop the product. The development of the new product should greatly enhance the accuracy of the system and cuts short the delay in the processing of the product. The errors can be greatly reduced and at the same time providing great level of security. Hence, we do not need any additional equipment except memory of required capacity. Operational Feasibility: It refers to the feasibility of the product to be operational. Some products may work very well at design and implementation but may fall in the real time environment.

THE REASON WHY TEENAGERS RUN AWAY Research Paper

THE REASON WHY TEENAGERS RUN AWAY - Research Paper Example Teenagers run away from their home due to many reasons and the consequences are usually very severe. There are basically five kinds of runaways, though there may be variations and overlapping within: situational, recidivist, street, chronic, and thrown away. Situational runaways constitute the largest group of youths who leave home. They usually are away for a day or two following a quarrel with parents before returning home. Chronic runaways constantly run from home and remain away for longer stretches of time, often progressing to street youth. Recidivists or repeat runaways leave home more than once, sometimes staying with friends, others living on streets or shelters. Studies show that recidivists’ runners are more likely than non-recidivists runawys to leave home due to problems involving family dynamics, substance abuse, transportation, and judicial systems among others. Street youth runaways leave home permanently and as the term suggests, tend to literally live on the streets and must fend for themselves. Some street kids also spend time staying in transitory housing such as shelters or abandoned building, and are most at risk for victimization. Thrown away leave homes as a result of dispute with parents or guardians, or are abandoned. Some thrown away youths also fall into other categories of runaways (Barri, 9). A big problem in the American household today is child abuse. Abuse comes in a variety of ways; physical, sexual, and mental. Children who experience abuse are more likely to run away from home than children who are not exposed to it. With any kind of abuse a child goes through it immediately starts to affect them psychologically. Children try to cope with the abuse at first; some are able to push it away while others wear the abuse on their face and it shows to everyone around them. Around the world an estimated forty million children suffer from

Effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques on Chronic Pain in Dissertation - 1

Effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Techniques on Chronic Pain in Cancer Patients - Dissertation Example As the discussion declares studies relating to methods of pain relief in cancer patients using alternative methods of pain relief, other than pharmacological-based methods, are inconclusive on the effect of relaxation towards alleviating pain. In view of the fact that pharmacological methods use is prominent among cancer patients, these drugs exposes them to serious side effects such as loss of effectiveness with time or even inadequate pain relief among other side effects. NPPRIs are complementary pain management approaches and they include cutaneous stimulation such as massages, transcutaneous electrical stimulation and cognitive behavioral such as relaxation techniques. Muscle tension is minimized through relaxation techniques as they create powerful distractions. Cancer pain relief through relaxation techniques such as PMR is gaining ground among patients. PMR, as a relaxation technique, may break the cycle of pain, anxiety and reduce muscle tension. This review will examine evid ence of PMR where it is linked to relieving chronic pain in cancer patients. Data will be mined from systematic literature and analysed so as to identify the role, effectiveness and degree onto which PMR techniques can be used to relief pain in cancer patients. According to the research findings progressive muscle relaxation, a non pharmacological pain relief intervention (NPPRI) technique, involves the systematic tensing and relaxing of skeletal muscles of the body. PMR may involve a few muscles for patients in acute pain in a clinical environment.

Evidence-Based Pharmacology Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Evidence-Based Pharmacology - Research Paper Example Pneumonia is a disease that indicates towards the inflammatory condition of lungs. It can be further elaborated that the infection in the lung tissue is regard as a state of pneumonia. During the attacks of pneumonia, a lung does not function properly that is likely to cause risk on the health of concerned person. People are affected by pneumonia due to a large numbers of reasons such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, idiopathic as well as parasites. In this regard, the diagnosis of pneumonia is referred to as significant for the providing an effective treatment to the patients. Pneumonia can be diagnosed by evaluating the symptoms and signs of an acute lower respiratory tract infection. Besides, the symptom of pneumonia can also be identified through a chest X-ray that that is effective in examining any kind of infections (Lutfiyya, Henley, Chang & Reyburn, 2008). Initially the treatment of Community- acquired Pneumonia (CAP) dependent on the physical examination, laboratory results as well as characteristics of patients. However, the treatment of pneumonia has identified the need of hospitalization for medical aid. There are two types of pneumonia treatment process that are outpatient and inpatient treatment. Specifically, mentioning that the treatment of the diseases is highly depending upon types of pneumonia. The medical practitioner’s suggest patients to consume antibiotics for treating pneumonia effectively (Caballero & Rello, 2011).

An analysis of an aspect of human culture from an anthropological Essay

An analysis of an aspect of human culture from an anthropological viewpoint - Essay Example It has further fostered the subordination of poor and developing nations by the rich and developed nations of the western world. This has lead to an environmental degradation and is regarded as a serious threat to non – western indigenous cultures and economies. This article further argues that the Western countries has set up international bodies like IMF, World Bank, United Nations and other donor agencies to control all major economic and political affairs prevailing in the rest of the world. This papers approaches this issue from the holistic and anthropological perspective which surrounds the economic and non – economic factors at the same time. Let us refer to the works of the famous economist and anthropologist Karl Marx. This great thinker anticipated disturbances and imbalances associated with the unfettered expansion of the global capital. According to Marx, societies go from simple to complex in a number of steps. The pre – historic human culture of th e Aborigines was at a lower evolutionary stage than the Western – European civilization. Similarly, during the cold war between communism and capitalism, the two opposite developing strategies were some form of Central planning and Western economics. Here, the Western developed economic nations with their capitalist approach managed to destroy the so called communist approach which were prevalent in the then U.S.S.R.

Evidence-Based Pharmacology Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Evidence-Based Pharmacology - Research Paper Example Pneumonia is a disease that indicates towards the inflammatory condition of lungs. It can be further elaborated that the infection in the lung tissue is regard as a state of pneumonia. During the attacks of pneumonia, a lung does not function properly that is likely to cause risk on the health of concerned person. People are affected by pneumonia due to a large numbers of reasons such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, idiopathic as well as parasites. In this regard, the diagnosis of pneumonia is referred to as significant for the providing an effective treatment to the patients. Pneumonia can be diagnosed by evaluating the symptoms and signs of an acute lower respiratory tract infection. Besides, the symptom of pneumonia can also be identified through a chest X-ray that that is effective in examining any kind of infections (Lutfiyya, Henley, Chang & Reyburn, 2008). Initially the treatment of Community- acquired Pneumonia (CAP) dependent on the physical examination, laboratory results as well as characteristics of patients. However, the treatment of pneumonia has identified the need of hospitalization for medical aid. There are two types of pneumonia treatment process that are outpatient and inpatient treatment. Specifically, mentioning that the treatment of the diseases is highly depending upon types of pneumonia. The medical practitioner’s suggest patients to consume antibiotics for treating pneumonia effectively (Caballero & Rello, 2011).

There is no longer a need for prerogative powers today. They should Essay

There is no longer a need for prerogative powers today. They should all be in statutory form. - Discuss - Essay Example Thus, there is near consensus amongst the members of Parliament and the general public for discarding this concept. In the Iraq war issue, Prime Minister Tony Blair empowered Parliament to vote in support of the war. This was defective on two counts. First, Parliament should be empowered to declare war, without having to rely on any transfer of power by the Prime Minister. Second, there is no safeguard to prevent a future Prime Minister from waging war, without the consent of Parliament.2 The executive governmental powers constitute some of the prerogative powers. For example, the Crown is empowered, among other things, to conduct foreign relations. It is also empowered to conduct international affairs, declare war and sue for peace. The Crown can deploy the armed forces, appoint ministers and dissolve Parliament. However, the exercise of these powers necessitates the advice of the government. 3 Her Majesty has been provided with certain constitutional powers, which she can exercise as personal prerogative. These include the power of immunity from prosecution in the courts. Another such power is immunity from tax. Furthermore, the Queen enjoys proprietary interests in royal fish. Thus, the Royal Prerogative is an admixture of powers, rights, immunities, duties, and obligations.4 The empowerment of the Crown to conduct foreign relations and international affairs, to deploy the armed forces to a limited extent, to appoint ministers, dissolve Parliament and provide assent to bills, and to declare war or sue for peace, constitute its prerogative or executive powers. However, most of these powers can only be exercised by Her Majesty the Queen, after obtaining the advice of the government. There are a few powers that the Monarch can exercise independently; such as the dissolution of Parliament, creation of peers and providing assent to bills. In addition, the Queen can exercise some constitutional powers, as a part of her personal prerogative. These include immunity from prosecution, tax, and some proprietary interests. Thus, the royal prerogative is comprised of powers, immunities, rights and a miscellany of minor attributes like the prerogative of mercy. The Bill of Rights 1689 reduced the prerogatives of the Crown to a significant extent. The immunity for liability of the Crown in tort and contract was abolished by the Crown Proceedings Act 1947. In the Amphitrite case, the court ruled that the government of the UK was not bound by the assurance given to the ship owners. The courts had determined and controlled the scope and limitations of the executive powers of the government. Such powers had been distinguished from the executive powers derived from the Royal Prerogative.5 This decision brought home the fact that the prerogative powers were not absolute. The powers related to the Royal Prerogative, saw the light of the day, only in the year 2003. Most of these powers were left untouched, because their use would have resulted in a constitut ional crisis. This was evident in an issue in which the monarch refused the Royal Assent to an Act of the Parliament. These powers include the right to declare war on a foreign country and impose a state of emergency, within the nation. In addition, it consists of the right to pardon offenders in serious crimes.6 Moreover, it comprises of the right to deny passports and to exercise Crown ownership in several areas.

The Power of Fate vs. Free

The Power of Fate vs. Free Will Essay 1001 Nights has many stories, with the same theme fate vs. free will. In these stories several characters have to deal with the choices they make and their outcome. What is fate verse free will? Fate could be more destined to happen, as free will could be the ability to do what you want, and pursue your interests. In the story, aâ‚ ¬? The Enchanted Horse,aâ‚ ¬? it was either fate or free will of man that decided the outcome of the story. In ancient times fate was considered to be part of life. Almost every aspect of life was based upon fate. An example of fate in aâ‚ ¬? The Enchanted Horse,aâ‚ ¬? would be when the king did not allow the Indianaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reward to marry the princess, so the Indian tricked the Prince into riding the horse. The Indian was locked away in prison by the King for allowing the prince to leave on the magic horse, Well, your head shall answer for it, returned the monarch, and if in three months he is not safe back with me, or at any rate does not send me news of his safety, your life shall pay the penalty. So saying, he ordered his guards to seize the Indian and throw him into prison. (Lane Pg 1). This quote from the story shows how this story could be choosing fate for not only the prince but also the Indian. This quote once said by someone can relate to this topic and story in several ways: It is my fate to control my destiny, and it is my destiny to control my fate, People have free will and can decide how their life turns out. Regarding kings, magic, and genies, mankind has the ability to control their lives. In the story the prince had the choice to fly around or go back home after discovering the switch on the horses neck but chose to find a princess instead. He then remembered that he had never waited to ask how he was to get back to again, and understood the danger in which he stood. Luckily, he did not lose his head, and set about examining the horses neck with great care, till at last, to his intense joy, he discovered a tiny little peg, much smaller than the other, close to the right ear. This he turned, and found him-self dropping to the earth, though more slowly than he had left it. (Lane pg 2) Towards the end of the story he won over the princess by beating the kings large army. By the prince choosing free will he chose a cause and effect to take place. He chose to find a princess instead of willing able to return home. After reading the story it was hard to distinguish which is best, fate or free will. It is the enchanting story that keeps you wondering which will it be. Fate and free will both decide the turn out of the prince in this story. With the help of the magic, trickery, and kings in the story, that helped show the themes of fate and free will.

Psychology Theories of Motivation

Psychology Theories of Motivation The evolution of motivation PART 1 – BRAIN PARTS IN EVOLUTION Human motivation is a psychological construct that has its basis in the brain. The brain is an organ comprised of nervous cells and comprises the nervous system in most organisms, with the exception of certain invertebrates. One view suggests that different parts of the brain are specialized for different functions. Being the most complex organ in a vertebrate’s body, the brain has been associated with several functions. Among these, the brain is responsible for perception, motor control, information processing, but it also has more complex functions for the human species, those of learning and memory. One particularly interesting function of the brain is that of motivation. Motivation is frequently associated with the limbic system. Often called the â€Å"reptilian brain†, the limbic system also accounts for other functions, such as spatial memory, olfaction, learning and emotion. This brain structure is located on both sides of the thalamus, under the cerebrum and is comprised of the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon. The structures include other numerous areas, among which the hippocampus (memory and spatial navigation), the amygdala (emotions) [LeDoux, 2000]., the olfactory bulbs (processing social and environmental stimuli) and the basal ganglion are contained. The basal ganglion is being associated with motivation, due to its role in reward-punishment process. The basal ganglia are located at the base of the forebrain, representing a set of interconnected areas. Looking at motivation from an evolutionary perspective, it is argued that organisms’ behavior is genetically programmed to ensure survival and reproductive fitness. It is argued that his motivational system of the brain is the basis for the motivational behaviors in which organisms’ engage. Some scholars (Paul D. MacLean) argued that the limbic system is the oldest part of the fore-brain, developing to manage the flight or fight response. When looking at the evolution of brain components, it is important to consider the fact that evolution is selecting on function. This process is mediated by the metabolic cost of the behavioral function. Developmental demands need to come to a certain compromise with developmental variation in order to ensure a positive outcome in terms of function and costs. The limbic system is thus seen as a â€Å"unit of development† due to its patterned change in the compromises taken. Some evidence supports the view that the limbic system is a unit of development [Reep, 1984; Squire, 1992; LeDoux, 2000]. The limbic system has a diversity of functions; however, it acts statistically as a single function. The components of the segmental structures of the forebrain are linked, offering the possibility of a pleiotropic effect on the evolution of behaviour. Thus, it would mean that selecting for one component would mean selecting for all of them. For instance, selecting for a visual component in humans would result for a certain election of structures utilised for different functions, such as motivation. The authors looked at how the scale of the limbic system changed throughout time. They found similar patterns of scaling across all taxa. For primates, insectivores, ungulate and marine mammals, reduced limbic structures were associated with increased volumes of the isocortex. One possible cause explaining this was suggested. They argued that the† expansion and contraction of the domains of regulatory gene expression† which is associated with prosomeres could be a source of such structure. In primates in particularly, the arrangement of neural components by prosomeres suggest the possibility of the inverse relationships between limbic system and isocortex volumes. Put how the limbic system actually decreased Another way one could understand the evolution of the primate brain would be to consider the trade-offs between factors. There has been a reduction in the primate limbic system which could be attributed to a reduction of the olfactory system because of the dependence primates have on vision. Another explanation could be that this reduction is secondary to another adaptation; that of expansion of cortical systems specialised in memory. This unfortunate decrease in the limbic system could be only a minor side effect for the beneficial adaptation the increase of the cortex has brought- storage of long-term memory mediating increasingly social interactions. An evolutionary look at how the structure and function of the basal ganglia changed with time passage shows that it underwent a big elaboration in the transition from amphibians to reptiles. This change consisted in the increase of cells in the basal ganglia, as well as receiving more dopaminergic and serotonergic inputs (hormones). Moreover, more neural circuitry (neuron rich) basal ganglia were found in modern mammals, birds and reptiles. The implications of this change are that amniotes might have had the ability to learn or execute more sophisticated behaviours and movements. This ability could be what allowed the amniotes to better adapt to a fully terrestrial habitat. As for the mammals, it appears that a divergence from this reptile lineage represented by the emergence of the cerebral cortex which became the target of the basal ganglia circuitry’s function in the control of movement. Thus, rudimentary basal ganglia are likely to have been present in the common ancestor of the jawed and jawless vertebrates that live today. The implications of this increase in complexity of the brain can be seen in the behaviour repertoires of animals. The reptiles and mammals have a more complex behaviour than amniotes. This alongside the shift in habitat brought in the need to deal with more complex and variable situations, requiring more complex and adaptive behaviour in order to acquire food, avoid predators and survive. These changes were promoted by the increase in the visual and hearing apparatus -> allowed for more control over behaviour.  Conenct back to motivation – how did the decrease in limbic system affect motivation? Because there is a high interconnectedness between the limbic system and the cerebral cortex, cognitive processes can modify the effect of the limbic system on the functions of the hypothalamus (hormone production), which plays a role in the reward-punishment process – the basis for motivational behavior. The basal ganglia receive information about the body position and motivational state from the cerebral cortex – integrates this information and facilitates for the appropriate (motor) behavior. The role of the basal ganglia in motivated behavior has been explained by Cunha et. al (2012). It consists of the basal ganglia selecting for unconditioned/conditioned responses, goal-directed actions and stimulus-response habits. This is done by the activation of striatal neurons (input neurons of the basal ganglia) by cortical and subcortical neurons encoding those processes. Levels of extracellular dopamine influence the strength of the synapses which signal outcomes that are better or worse than â€Å"expected†. Moreover, the dopamine release in response to the unconditioned/conditioned responses can â€Å"energize† the execution of selected actions. This is why the basal ganglia is thought to play a role in the selection of action processes that are needed to express unconscious and long-term memories, which play a role in motivation. PART 2 – PERSPECTIVES ON MOTIVATION The biological thus shows what the basis of motivation is. It does not, however, explain the cognitive aspect of it. Several attempts to model and explain motivation from an evolutionary psychological way have been proposed. There are different perspectives taken in the study of motivation. Behavioral, cognitive and biological. Art 9 ->Batali and Grundy (1996)  tried to present a model of the evolution of motivation by referring to how they could become integrated into generational adaptive behavior, they tries to establish how the innate and learned components of the motivational mechanisms that generate behavior are connected. They used the concept of motivational system to investigate this process. A motivation system, for them, is the mechanism that allows an organism to feel pleasure and pain as responses to certain environmental conditions; pleasure in response to conditions that are beneficial for the organism’s fitness and pain in adverse conditions. What they argue is that this motivational system evolves alongside the behaviors evaluated by it. They used James Mark Baldwin’s idea through which he argued that an organism’s ability to undergo ontogenetic adaptation, through which the congenital and phylogenetic adaptation that are kept in existence are those which favor adapti ve modifications during the lifetime of organisms which have them. This is how various ontogenetic modes of action, such as learning, can work in synergy with evolution. Thus, organisms that have the ability to learn are more likely to improve their behavior, which in turn offers them an advantage over others. Possessing the improvements that learning offers can result in selection of organisms that carry those traits innately. This is how, he argues, species can evolve in directions endorsed by intelligence. This proposition is similar to Throndike’s â€Å"law of effect†, in which he suggested that animals will repeat the actions that have the most satisfying outcomes and avoid the ones that are displeasing. The mechanism that offers the possibility of feeling this pleasure and pain is the motivation system. This system can also be involved in the process of selecting actions which are expected to be favorably appraised. Evaluations depend on physiological and environ mental factors. Subtle changes in any characteristics of the environment or animal physiology can have drastic impacts on fitness. The authors of this article tried, thus, to model motivation using different complexity world simulations of the evolution of populations that contained designs that generated action and learning. Their findings showed that some organisms developed motivation systems that were accurate enough to direct learning in a direction that increases the fitness of actions performed by the agents. Moreover, their results showed that the motivation systems were attuned to the worlds they were a part of. The systematic distortions present in the worlds could be seen in the structure of the motivational system in such way that the distortions increased the adaptiveness of the generated behaviour. These results show how simple designs can be used to model motivation, implying that the complicated perspective in motivation of the cognitive perspective is somewhat unnecessary. Thus, members of population that incorporated learning tended to evolve more quickly and have higher performance than the organisms whose behaviour was innate. The adaptive behaviour that early generations must learn had the tendency to become more and more innate. This process occurs when there is an evolved motivational system that directs the learning of structures used to cause actions. All in all, this study showed that motivational systems can coevolve with the learning of the behaviours it assesses. =>cognition and motivation: Evidence for the co-evolution of motivation and cognition was found by Ermer et al. (2008)  when investigating whether status plays a role in regulating risky decision-making regarding resources in men. They discussed how access to relevant resources brings about intersexual competition in men, which also serves as a determinant for status. What they discovered was that motivation for risk-taking behaviour appeared in situations where men were of equal status and had resource loss problems. This suggests that the motivational systems that mediate status related problems in the social world also regulate cognitive operations which generate risky decision-making processes in men, implying that motivational and cognitive mechanisms co-evolved to function in synergetic, domain-specific ways. The motivation’s role in this process is to determine what state or good an individual wants to attain – it refers to their aspirations. The controversial point of this finding is that instead of desires or other motivations serving as inputs for domain-general decision regulations, it proposes that responses are produced by a motivational system that is specialized in regulating competitive interactions, being equipped with its own decision rules. It also shows that motivational systems are activated by cues. Another attempt to explain human social motivation from an evolutionary perspective has been done by Buss (1997) through discussing the Terror Management Theory (TMT). Being a theory anchored in evolutionary biology, TMT assumes that the major motive of any organism is survival. What the author argues is that this theory of social motivation should recognize that the engine that drives the evolutionary process is reproduction, and not survival. Thus, it is important to recognise the real causal process of evolution in order to establish what stands behind motivation.

Jimi Hendrix :: essays research papers

Jimi Hendrix, the greatest guitarist in rock history, revolutionized the sound of rock. In 1967, the Jimi Hendrix Experience rocked the nation with their first album, Are You Experienced?. Hendrix's life was cut short by the tragedy of drugs in 1970, when he was only twenty seven years old. In these three years the sound of rock changed greatly, and Hendrix’s guitar playing was a major influence. Jimi was born in Seattle, Washington on November 27, 1942. As a young boy, whenever the chance came, Jimi would try to play along with his R & B records. However, music was not his life long dream. At first, the army was. In the late 1950’s, Hendrix enlisted in the 101st Airborne Division. After sustaining a back injury during a jump, he received a medical discharge. After his army career came to an abrupt end, he decided to go into the music field. By this time he had become an accomplished guitarist, and was soon to become known as the greatest guitarist ever (Stambler, pg. 290). However, he did not start out at the top. Jimi started out playing as part of the back-up for small time R & B groups. It did not take long before his work was in demand with some of the best known artists in the field, such as B.B. King, Ike and Tina Turner, Solomon Burke, Jackie Wilson, Littler Richard, Wilson Pickett, and King Curtis (Clifford, pg. 181). Using the name Jimmy James, he toured with a bunch of R & B shows, including six months as a member of James Brown’s Famous Flames (Stambler, pg. 290). At the Cafe Wha! in New York, in 1966, Hendrix decided to try singing. Jimi lucked out when a man by the name of Charles â€Å"Chas† Chandler from Eric Burdon's Animals heard him at the club and thought he was sensational. When Chas heard him again later that year, he talked Jimi into moving to England where he would really get the chance to start his career (Stambler, pg. 290). Along with Chas, Hendrix auditioned some musicians to complete the new Hendrix group. They choose Mitch Mitchell, a fantastic drummer, and Noel Redding, one of England's best guitar and bass players (Stambler, pg. 290). In 1966, at the Olympia in Paris, the Experience debuted. One year later, the Experience was breaking attendance records right and left at European clubs. When the Monkees toured England in 1967,

A Mountain Run :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

A run to the top of a mountain can be understood in terms of numerous practical figures: 1407 feet in elevation; 2.5 miles (4 km) of trail; 2.4 foot strides that shorten as the trail steepens; 110 pounds of body weight striking the ground in two-month-old (400 miles of summer training) GT-2020 Asics running shoes; 18 minutes and 17 seconds clocked on an 8-lap memory, digital Triathlon Timex; a 420-calorie breakfast (a bowl of cereal, half a bagel, and a banana) eaten three hours earlier; muscle cells using the glycogen stores from this food and incorporating the free fatty acids in the blood for energy; muscles in need of oxygen utilizing chemical processes that free oxygen from within the muscle itself; wastes building up in the muscles faster than the blood can remove them. These physiological, mathematical, and anecdotal elements are, however, some of the furthest from my realm of consciousness as I approach my ascent. Jogging on the Point Reyes Peninsula’s Bear Valley Trai l, I come to the head of the Sky Trail, a trail that climbs up Mt. Wittenberg, a mild but memorable little mountain in the National Seashore. Beginning this run up a mountain feels somewhat like starting a race. Throughout the eight years I have run competitively, I have never felt completely comfortable with the fact that I choose to stand, leaning forward on a line while nervously holding my breath, waiting for some gun to announce the start of a completely uncomfortable journey. There are plenty of reasons not to begin a race, and there are many more reasons not to run up this particular mountain. Deliberations, however, are more agonizing than the run itself. Although this morning’s run lacks all of the hype of a big race, I can’t help feeling now the same as I would then: just let the movement begin. In his novel, Once a Runner,John L. Parker’s character, Cassidy, envisions the start of a race with the urgency most runners share: â€Å"The all-consuming roar, the overwhelming psych would begin then and would build up until he stood ready on this line, at once controlled and near lunacy, fear less and terrified, wishing for the relief of the start, the misery of the end. Anything! Just let the waiting be done with!†1 Although numerous haunting â€Å"why’s† are tempting dissuasions before any unnecessary physical exertion, I cannot bear to ponder them all at the base of this mountain.

A theatre review of Les Miserables Essay

We went to see a performance of Les Miserables on Thursday 19th October 2000, which was directed by Trevor Nunn and John Caid and written by Victor Hugo and was staged at the Palace Theatre. Brief The performance is set in France after the French revolution, a woman had given birth to a young girl out of wedlock which was unacceptable at the time. She sends her daughter to live with a married couple with a daughter of similar age. The mother sends every last bit of money she gets to the family looking after her daughter to pay for her upbringing. At one point she gets so desperate for money that she turns to prostitution and sells her teeth and hair for money. Whilst all the above is happening a very strong and young man is in prison for stealing a loaf of bread for his starving sister. He broke his bail because he was fed up of being just a number and starts a new life under his original name Jean Valjean. He stayed in a church over night and the bishop gave him a meal and a place to sleep, in the night Jean Valjean stole a pair of silver candle sticks and run off with them. The police brought him back and confronted the bishop, but to everyone’s surprise the bishop said that he gave the silver to Valjean. After the police left the bishop told Valjean to keep the sticks and use them to start a new life. A young dying woman tells him about her daughter and where she is staying. He makes a pledge to find her daughter and bring her up as his own. He goes and finds her and pays the family she is staying with so he can take her away. Jean Valjean becomes a mayor of a town even though he is still on the run from the police. One policeman catches on and realises that he is an exconvict that has broken his bail and tries to find a way to take him back to prison. The students of the village he is in charge of starts a rebellion and builds barricades to protest against the French army. Jean Valjean’s daughter falls in love with a man that goes into the barricades. Jean Valjean also goes into the barricades, cossets (the girl that he has raised) boyfriend gets shot. Jean Valjean carries him out of the barricades and through the sewers, he saves his life. The main issues of the performance where poverty, rebellion, death and love because the play was set in times of great poverty, the town goes into the barricades and makes a stand for what they believe in. The whole plot starts when Cossets mother dies and Jean Valjean pledges to look after his daughter and love her like his own. The performance is set in France in the early 1830’s, the French government at the time didn’t rally care about the lower class citizens and didn’t put a lot of money into the community, this is when people started to make a stand for their rights. The director tried and succeeded to produce a very dark and unhappy time of life. Most of the poorer people where all dressed in dark and dingy colours which was a lot like the backgrounds and the lighting which in times where shades of browns and dirty yellows. The songs also where a very good example of the mood and atmosphere because most of them where to a steady beat which shows that there life was always the same and never changed they kept to the beat. I had very high expectations of this play as I had heard a lot of good points about this performance. It is not just a run of the mill play, it was a historic master piece that has been a hit in many different countries, such as England, America and France. My initial response was that I was very excited as soon as the safety curtain rose up from the floor of the stage. The first thing I saw was a group of criminals in a chain gang who where singing the song â€Å"look down† which in my opinion is probably the most powerful songs in the whole performance. Main Body of The Review The Performance Space Les Miserables was staged in a Proscenium Arch with a rotating plate in the centre of it that is essential because of several scenes that definitely revolved around the rotating plate. I think that the director chose to use this technique because it gave the audience quite a wide view of what was going on around them. Even though the staging was done very well I didn’t feel very involved except for the marching scene when it felt like the actors where marching right towards us. I think the director wanted to stage the production in this way to make the audience feel involved. The Set The set was fairly large with a rotating plate in the middle, the plate was very symbolic in this performance because it symbolised the lives of the characters because they seemed to be going round in circles. The set also had moving barricades, which were very realistic for the barricade scenes. There is only one set in the whole performance but there are a number of props that come on and off of the stage to set the scene. The barricades are made up of mainly woods such as beds and chairs which shows that the citizens didn’t really have anything but they would put all there household goods up for use if it was going to get them even the slightest bit of respect. The space that was available for the actors was used very well because the performance overall was spread out and wasn’t just crammed into one corner. In my opinion the best use of space and levels was in the scene when Javert jumped off the bridge he didn’t actually move but the bridge rose very quickly giving the impression of him jumping, this scene would only work if the timing was exactly right. The marching scene also relied a great deal on levels because the people would step forward and lean down at the same time which created the illusion of the actors moving forward even though they where just moving backwards and forwards. The Actor And His/Her Performance Jean Valjean Hans Peter Jonssens played Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean was imprisoned for stealing a loaf of bread for his poor and dying sister, he was sent to work in the chain gangs he was no longer a person but just a number which was 24601. He broke his bail when he was released from the chain gangs and started a new life. He is physically an exceptionally strong man and a lot of people comment on it. He speaks very firmly to adult men especially Javert and stands upright to show his strength and authority, but when he speaks to women and children he speaks very softly and seems to lean over as if they are equal in authority, he seems to be a true gentleman. Jean Valjean seemed to be a very proud man we can tell this by his body language because he stands upright at all times other than when he speaks to children. I liked the character Jean Valjean which in my opinion meant that it was a successful character. Javert Peter Corry played Javert. He was the good guy but the way he portrayed the character made us hate him. He is a police officer and was in charge of the chain gang that Jean Valjean was in. he remembered him because he was so strong. Javert comes across as a very straight man that will always speak his mind and if he didn’t like you then he would make it quite clear. He is a gentleman and is very religious, he does every thing by the book and treats everybody the same. Javert didn’t really give anything away with his facial expressions, as it was always the same. His posture and body language shows us that he is proud of his authority and is pleased that he is enforcing the law.

The Decimal Numbering System Engineering Essay

Rotor is the chief portion of the chopper with which the needed 360 grade on the topographic point, remain airborne with no directional motion, velocity, Range, Lift, operational handiness etc demands can be attained. Rotors are of two types ‘ chief rotor and tail rotor. The chief rotor consists of 2 or more blades. The velocity, etc of the choppers is achieved by the figure of blades it has and length of the blade and these are connected to cardinal rotor head/hub assembly. The hub assembly rests on the swash home base which is primary constituent of the chopper. The swash home base consists of two discs one revolving and non-revolving which is mounted on the top of the chopper and this swash home base is attached/connected to the cockpit which has two sticks Corporate lever, Cyclic stick and Tail rotor pedals. The collective lever which is on the left side of the pilots seat which helps the chopper to travel up or down by traveling the swash home base up and down and these motions is attained by lifting the lever or take downing the lever The cyclic lever which acts as joy stick is between the pilots articulatio genuss helps to alter the angle of both the blades at the same time which helps the chopper to travel in all waies other than up and down and is attained by leaning the swash home base lever. Tail rotor pedals which are used to command the rotary motion of the chopper. The swash home base is rested on the mast and transmittal which is connected to the engine through thrust shaft and the tail rotor is attached to 45degree cogwheel box, thrust shaft which is attached to the engine. The engine is mounted on the engine saddle horse and is covered with hood. Hood is nil but metal portion which is used to cut down drag decrease and engine chilling and air consumption. Rotors: – The rotor can hold blades runing from 2 to 6. These blades are connected to the blade clasps with keeping bolts and these are connected to the hub and this hub is positioned on the terminal of the mast which is bolted with Jesus nut. And the hub and blade clasp together are controlled by control tubing which is connected the interior ring of the swash home base and these controlled tubing aid the blades to alter the angle of the blades. These control tubing is connected to the blade clasp with pitch alteration horn. The rotor blade has a taking border which is frontward confronting border of the rotor blade and tracking border which is confronting border of the rotor blade and chord which is the distance from taking border to the draging border of the rotor blade. The parts of rotor are Root Blade Grips Hub Control tubings Pitch Change Horn Jesus Nut Retnetion Thunderbolts Trunnion The different types of rotor systems are mentioned below Fully articulated: – In this rotor system, each rotor blade is attached to the rotor hub through a series of flexible joints, which allow the blade to travel independently of the others. These rotor systems normally have three or more blades. The blades are allowed to roll, feather, and lead or slowdown independently of each other. The horizontal flexible joint, called the flutter flexible joint, allows the blade to up and down. This motion is called the flutter and is designed to counterbalance for asymmetry of lift. The flapping flexible joint may be located at changing distance from the rotor hub, and there may be more than one flexible joint. Vertical flexible joint, called the lead-lag or retarding force flexible joint, allows the blade to travel back and Forth. This motion is called lead-lag, dragging, or runing. Dampers are normally used to forestall extra back and forth motion around the retarding force flexible joint. The intent of the retarding force flexible joint and dampers is to counterbalance for the acceleration and slowing caused by coriolis consequence. Each blade can besides be feathered that is rotated its spanwise axis. Feathering the blade means altering the pitch angle of the blade. By altering the pitch angle of the blades the push and way of the chief rotor phonograph record can be controlled. Rigid/ hingeless: – They are used to convey simpleness to the choppers. In a stiff rotor system the blades, hub, and mast are stiff with regard to each other. There are no flexible joints to rolling or lead/drag, but they can be feathering. The tonss are absorbed by flexing instead than flexible joints as in to the full articulated. This is the ground it has less lag due to less oscillation. Semi rigid: – It produces two different motions, rolling and feathering. This System is usually composed of two blades, which are stiffly attached to the rotor hub. The hub is so attached to the rotor mast by trunnion bearing or seesawing flexible joint and is free to lean with regard to the chief rotor shaft. This allows the blades to see-saw or flap together. One blade flaps up and the other flaps down. There are seesawing flexible joint and feathering flexible joint which accomplish the Centre of gravitation of the both blades so that the blade does non speed up as it flap up and slow as it flaps down and feathering is accomplished the later one which changes the pitch angle of the blade. These semi-regid rotors are vulnerable to a status known as mast Bumping, this is usually encountered during low-G manoeuvres and can do the rotor flap stops to shear the mast. Anti-torque rotor: – Tail rotor: – It is a smaller rotor mounted at the terminal of tail of a traditional single-rotor chopper. It rotates vertically or near-vertically and it is positioned in such a manner that Centre of gravitation allow it to develop thrust antonym to the chief rotor rotary motion to equilibrate the torsion created by the chief rotor. They require merely corporate alterations in pitch to change push and the pitch is adjustable by the anti-torque pedals which besides provide the way required for the chopper. Tip jet rotor: – It is used for individual chief rotor constellation where the chief rotor is non driven by the mast but from noses on the rotor blade tips, which are either pressurized from a fuselage-mounted gas turbine or have their ain pushers ( fanjet, atherodyde or projectile pushers ) . Double rotors: – It consists of brace or more of big horizontal rotors turning in opposite waies to antagonize the effects of torsion on the aircraft without trusting on an antitorque tail rotor. It helps to use the power which is applied on the tail rotor to use the same power on the chief rotor which increases the aircraft lifting capacity. They are four types of double rotors, they are: – ( a ) Tandem: – Rotors are two rotors with one mounted behind the other. The pitch attitude alterations to speed up and slow the chopper and the procedure are called differential corporate pitch. To flip forward and accelerate, the rear rotor additions corporate pitch, raising the tail and the front rotor decreases corporate, at the same time dunking the olfactory organ. To flip upward while slowing or traveling back the forepart rotor increases the corporate pitch to the rise the nose and rear rotor decreases corporate pitch to take down the tail. To swivel right, the forepart rotor jousts right and the rear rotor to go forth and to swivel left the front rotor jousts left and the rear rotor jousts right. ( B ) Coaxial: – Rotors are two rotors that are mounted one above the other with the same shaft and turning in opposite way. The advantage of the coaxal rotor is that in forward flight, the lift provided by the progressing halves of each rotor compensated for withdrawing half of the other. There is an increases mechanical complexness of rotor system and swashplates ( degree Celsius ) Intermeshing: – Rotors are two rotors that are mounted near to each other at a sufficient angle to let the rotor to intermesh over the top of the aircraft. They have high stableness and powerful lifting capableness. ( vitamin D ) Transverse: – Pair of the rotors is mounted at each terminal of wing-type constructions or outriggers, perpendicular to the organic structure of the aircraft. They besides use corporate pitch and alter the axial rotation attitude of the rotorcraft. ( Viii ) Notor: -No Tail RotorSwash home bases: –It is a device that translated engine power via the choppers controls and levers into gesture of the chief rotor blades. And these bids are transmitted from non-rotating fuselage to the revolving rotor hub and chief blades. The stationary outer ring is mounted on the chief rotor mast and is connected to the cyclic and corporate controls by a series of pushrods. The rotating inner ring is mounted to the stationary outer ring by agencies of bearings and is allowed to revolve with the chief rotor mast. An anti-rotation nexus prevents the interior ring to from revolving independently of the blades, in response apply torsion to the actuators. The outer pealing typically has an anti-rotation skidder to forestall it from revolving. So this helps both the ring or swash home bases to move as one unit to execute their actions. The revolving swash is connected to the pitch horns by pitch links. The alternate mechanics to the stationary outer ring are the hexapod and the cosmopolitan articulation. Partss of the swash home base are Non-rotating outer ring Turning interior ring Ball joint Control ( Pitch ) forestalling turning of outer ring Control ( axial rotation ) Linkages to the rotor blade Linkages that make the interior ring bend Pitch: –Cockpit: –It consists of the four flight controls and other electronic instruments. They are ( I ) The cyclic: – Cyclic controls are used to alter choppers way. As the stick is leaned over in any way, so the angle of the home base alterations really somewhat. This alteration of angle corresponds straight to what is go oning to the rotor phonograph record at the same clip. I.e. the side of the home base that is higher represents the side of the rotor phonograph record bring forthing more lift. ( two ) The collective: – To command the corporate pitch of the chief rotor blades, the full swash home bases must be moved up or down along its axis without altering the orientation of the cyclic controls. Conventionally, the full swash home base is moved along the chief shaft by a separate actuator. Now yearss the mutualist actuators that can each travel the full swash home base that is nil but corporate pitch commixture. Actuator: – ( three ) The anti-torque pedals: – Increasing the pitch angle of the tail rotor blades will increase the push, which in bend will force the chopper unit of ammunition in the same way as the chief rotor blades. Decreasing the pitch angle decreases the sum of push and so the natural torsion takes over, allowing the chopper rotate in the opposite way to the chief rotors. ( four ) The accelerator: – It is a twist-grip on the terminal of the corporate lever and is linked straight to the motion of the lever so that engine RPM is ever correct at any given corporate scene. Because the cyclic and corporate pitch control determines the motion of the chopper, the engine RPM does non necessitate to be adjusted. ( Which is to done in aeroplane engine ) ? So during normal winging changeless engine velocity is maintained and the pilot merely needs to ticket tune the throttle scenes when necessary. There is nevertheless, a direct correlativity between engine power and swerve control in a chopper. For illustration faster whirling chief rotor blades generate more torsion, so greater pitch is needed in the tail rotor blades to bring forth more push. ( V ) Instrument panels consists of ( I ) Landing visible radiations ( a ) Skid visible radiation: – It is attached to the left forward crosstube and it is adjusted from the lift of the land. The on-off switch is located on pilots window sill. ( B ) Search visible radiation: – It is retractable pilot controlled hunt visible radiation which is either a white or IR light depending on the mission demand and the switch is of 3-position switch ( ON-OFF-STOW ) and it has control switch ( â€Å" Chinese hat † ) which extends, retracts and moves light left or right ( two ) Warning visible radiations ( a ) Clasp ( B ) Mr temp ( degree Celsius ) Mr bit ( vitamin D ) Starter on ( vitamin E ) Tail rotor bit ( degree Fahrenheit ) Low fuel ( g ) Low revolutions per minute ( three ) Flight, safety Instruments: – ( a ) Vertical Speed Indicator: – This is a force per unit area sensitive instrument, which indicates the rate at which the chopper is mounting or falling in pess per minute. ( B ) Air Speed Indicator: – This instrument indicates the velocity of the chopper through the air in which it is winging. It relates merely indirectly to the velocity of the chopper over the land. It may bespeak velocity in stat mis per hour/knots. ( degree Celsius ) Outside Air Temperature Guage: – This is non a flight instrument, but is a flight safety instrument. As it gives the information of frosting conditions to the pilot. It registers air temperature both in Celsius and Fahrenheit. ( vitamin D ) Altimeter: – This is pressure sensitive instrument which shows the height at which the chopper is winging. The customary process is to put the instrument so that it indicates height above the sea degree. When used this manner the indicant on the altimeter will be that of the lift of the airdrome when the chopper is on the land. ( vitamin E ) Machmeter: – It shows the ratio of true airspeed in relation to the velocity of the sound ( degree Fahrenheit ) Course Deviation Indicator: – It is avionics instrument used to find the sidelong place in relation to a path, which can be provided by an instrument set downing system or VOR. It can be integrated with the heading index in horizontal state of affairs index. ( g ) Radio Magnetic Indicator: – It consists of one acerate leaf ; a typical RMI has two, twosome to different ADF receiving systems, leting for place repairing utilizing one instrument. ADF is nil but automatic way finder which is coupled with RMI and provides bearing for a tuned Non-derectional beacon. ( H ) Magnetic Compass: – This is the basic mention for heading information. The compass rectification card indicates the corrected header to maneuver to let for compass divergence ( I ) Turn cordinator and slip index: – The operation of it is same as the bend and bank index. ( J ) Heading Index: – It is besides called gyroscopic instrument, it is used to supply stable directional mention, and unlike the compass is comparatively free from mistakes during bends, acceleration, and slowing in normal flight manoeuvers. It does non hold any magnetic qualities therefore it must be set sporadically with mention to the magnetic compass. ( K ) Attitude Indicator: – This is besides gyroscopic instrument. It provides the pilot with an unreal skyline, which together with a illumination aircraft superimposed on its face enables the pilot to find the aircrafts attitude relation to the existent skyline. ( cubic decimeter ) Turn and Bank Indicator: – The needle part of this instrument indicates whether the chopper is turning, together with the way and rate of bend. The ball part of the instrument is basically a mention for coordination of controls. In co-ordinate flight the ball will be centered in its curving glass tubing. ( m ) Cockpit Indicator: – These are driven by a gyrosyn compass system Fixed-card instruments: – Traveling card indexs: – Horizontal state of affairs index: – Gyrosyn compass: – It has a remotely located unit feeling the earths magnetic field. It incorporates a gyroscope to supply stableness. Electrical power is required for its operation. Basic constituents are Distant compass sender: – It is pendulously suspended within a certain bowl and maintains a horizontal plane within a pitch attitude of +30 grade. . It senses the earth magnetic field and reduces the aircraft magnetic perturbations. Gyroscope: – The rule of rigidness in infinite is applied to retain a fixed place during any aircraft turns. Turning gesture of the aircraft about the gyro is so electrically relayed to the header index. Erection mechanism: – An hard-on torsion motor is used to maintain the gyro spin axis in a horizontal plane Amplifier: – It is the coordination and distribution centre for all system electrical signals. Remote compass sender signals arc stage detected to decide for the 180-degree ambiguity and discharge sent to the break one's backing torsion motor to maintain the gyro spins axis aligned with magnetic north-south. ( four ) Engine Instruments ( a ) Double Tachometer: – This instrument indicates the figure of revolutions per minute ( RPM ) that of both engine ( ERPM ) and the rotor blades ( RRPM ) are doing. A detached acerate leaf is provided for each. In powered flight the acerate leafs are combined or joined. In autoratation the acerate leafs are split. ( B ) Manifold Guage: – This instrument is calibrated in inches of quicksilver and indicated the force per unit area in the consumption manifold of the engine. Nothing but he sum of work the engine is making the higher the force per unit area the more work the engine is making and frailty versa. This is merely positioned on piston-engine choppers ( degree Celsius ) Torque metre: – This is same as the multiplex force per unit area guage and it is positioned on turbine-engine choppers. VOR: – It stands for Very High Frequency omni-derectional scope station/navigation system. The vor consists of two parts the land station which send the wireless signals and the receiving system in the aircraft with index which shows way of the chopper its moving. Main end is to demo the pilot on which spoke, of the wheel, he is winging and which way.Gear boxesPressure from the combined hydraulic systems powers the flap thrust motor and gear box assembly. And these semi-independent flap and slat systems rise and lower utilizing hydraulic motors, drive units, torsion tubings, and screw jack-type actuators. If the combined system fails, a hydraulic brake locks the hydraulic motor, and an exigency electric motor provides continued operation. Flap thrust gear boxs, through a series of torque tubings and countervail gear boxs, drive all eight flap actuators. The flap actuators drive the passenger car and attaching flaps out and down. The parts are Actuators: – . It is used to use a force. It is a mechanical device that takes energy, normally created by air, electricity or liquid and converts into gesture. The gesture can be barricading, clamping and chuck outing. Types of actuators Linear actuators: – They have an end product rod that provides additive gesture via a motor driven ball prison guard, lead prison guard, or ACME screw assembly. Hydraulic Rotary actuators: – They use a pressurized, incompressible fluid to revolve mechanical constituents. Hydraulic additive actuators: – They use a cylinder and hydraulic fluid for motor force. The force applied at one point is transitted to another point utilizing an incompressible fluid. Electric rotary actuators: – They drive constituents rotationally via electromagnetic power from a motor. They typically provide control and indexing capablenesss to let multiple places stops along shots. Pneumatic rotary actuators: – They use pressurized air to revolve mechanical constituents. Types of pneumatic actuators are Individual rack-and-pinion: – They drive racks a individual rack that rotates the pinion. Double/four Piston rack- and – pinion: – They drive racks on both sides of the pinion. Screw jack-type actuators: – Hydraulic cylinders: – They are actuation devices that utilize pressurized hydraulic fluid to bring forth additive gesture and force. Electrohydraulic cylinders: – These are propulsion devices that use pressurized hydraulic fluid to bring forth additive gesture and force. These are combination of unstable power constituents, valves, and electronic controls such as a transducer to supply rod place. Valves actuators: – These are mounted on valves which, in response to a signal, automatically travel to a desired place utilizing an outside power beginning. Hydraulic valves: – It transfers the flow and force per unit area of hydraulic fluid in hydraulic power systems. Types of hydraulic valves are Angle: -admit media at an angle and license upper limit flow Ball: – They provide tight shut-off and dependable control Block: -They use little port to depressurise the infinite between the recess and mercantile establishment. Bleed: – Lapp as block valves Check: – They prevent flow reversal Control: – They modify unstable flow. Cartridge: – Directional: – They steer process media through selected Passages Drain: – They are used to take excess fluid from a system or container Acerate leaf: – They have a slender, tapered point at the terminal of a valve root. Poppet: -They unfastened and close ports with a sealing device that includes a disc, cone, or sphere. Pressure alleviation: – They remove extra upstream force per unit area Safety: – They contain a thermic detection constituent that opens or closes outlet force per unit area. Shutoff: -They close a line to halt flow when a pre-set status occurs. Solenoid Bobbin: – They are actuated by a rotary or piston-like bobbin that slides back and Forth to cover and uncover ports in lodging Stack: -They are created to make a valve block. Pneumatic valves: – These actuators adjust valve place by change overing air force per unit area into additive or rotary gesture. Electric valve actuators: – These valves which move automatically in response to a signal to desired place utilizing an outside power beginning. Hydraulic hosiery: – It is specifically designed to convey hydraulic fluid to or among hydraulic constituents, valves, actuators, and tools. There are assorted building options for hydraulic hose include reinforced, coiled, corrugated/convoluted, articulated, and multi-element. Hydraulic oils and transmittal fluids: – These are used to convey power in hydraulic equipment and power transmittal applications. Hydraulic fluids transmit power/pressure genenerated by a pump through hydraulic lines to a cylinder or actuator. Transmission fluids lubricate gear box assemblies where power is transmitted from an engine to a thrust axle. Torque tubings: – It uses C fibre tubing or wire thrust mounted on the interior of the tail roar with gear sets on each terminal to drive the tail rotor. Torque tubes generate less retarding force on the motor than a belt and are more lasting in normal operation. A torsion tubing system is less tolerant of roar stikes or anything that stops the tail rotor from whirling, and tends to deprive cogwheels in a clang. Drive units: – Flying flaps: – They are movable portion of the wing, usually hinged to draging border of the wings. As they are extended the velocity of the aircraft is reduced and can wing at lower velocities, it besides helps in lessening in aircraft pitch angle. This provides the pilot greater position over the olfactory organ of the aircraft and allows a better position for landing. Types of flaps are Krueger/Hinged: – It is on the taking border besides called as sag Plain: Rotates on a simple flexible joint Split: – There are two separate surfaces upper and lower. The upper moves slightly/immobile and the lower operates like a field flap. Gurney: – It is a little level check projecting from the draging border of a wing. It is set at a right angle to the force per unit area side surface of the aerofoil, and undertakings of the wing chord. It operates by increasing the force per unit area on one side and diminishing the other side. Dent: – It rotates rearward and downwards about an fanciful axis below the wing, increases flying country and chord without set uping trim. It may be of cylindrical or conelike airfoil subdivision. Fowler: – It slides backwards before hinging downwards, thereby increasing both camber and chord, making a larger flying surface better tuned for lower velocities, it besides provides some slot consequence. Youngman: – It moves bodily down before traveling aft and rotating. Slotted: – There is a gap/slot between the flap and the wing enables high force per unit area air flow below the wing to re-energize the boundary bed over the flap. This helps the air flow to remain attached to the flap, detaining the stall. Blown: – They blow engine air over the upper surfaces of the flap at certain angles to better lift features. 45Degree/Intermediate Gear box: – It is situated between the tail roar and five. Transportations power up the perpendicular five to the 90 grade gear box. 90Degree/Tail Gear box: – It is situated near the tail. It gets the power from the 45 grade gear box to the tailrotor. Landing cogwheel: – It consists two aluminium cross tubings and skids, to minimise skid wear the skid have steel skid places and fiberglass fairings can be attached to the cross tubings for aerodynamic intents and the breadth can be 7feet. Two land managing gear wheel assemblies may be attached to for good installed adjustments on the skid cogwheel to ease land handling. Tail Skid: – A cannular steel tail skid is installed on the aft terminal of the tail roar. The skid act as a warning to the pilot upon an accidental tail-low landing and AIDSs to forestall tail rotor from harm.Engine: –Engine parts: – Piper spares: – Tube: – Hosiery: – Clamps: – Cylinder hold-down nuts and prison guards: – Self-locking nuts: – Types of engines: – Shaft engines: – Internal burning engines: – Piston engine: – They are largely used for little propellor aircraft because they consume comparatively minor portion of fuel. Wankel engine: – Turbines: – Propjet: – The propellor is supported by engine, and the engine is bolted to the airframe. They feature a gear box to lower velocity of the shaft so that the propellor tips do n't make supersonic velocity. Often the turbines which drive the propellor are separate from the remainder of the rotating constituents so that they are free to revolve at their ain velocity. Advantage: – High power, and low care. It is efficient when operated in sail velocities Disadvantage: – Turboshaft: – It is same as that of turbopop. It does non supply any direct physical support to the rotors. The rotors are connected to a transmittal, which itself is bolted to the airframe, the engine feeds the transmittal via a rotating shaft. Advatages: – Large sum of power and a low weight punishment. External burning engines: – Steam-powered: – In-line engine: – If the engine crankshaft is located above the cylinders, it is called and inverted inline engine. In this engine the cylinders are lined up in one row and the cylinders will be of even Numberss, but there are cases of three and five cylinders. Advantages: – It allows the aircraft to be designed with a narrow frontal country for low retarding force Disadvantages: – They are heavy Rotary engine: – The crankshaft is bolted to the airframe, and the propellor is bolted to the engine instance. They have all the cylinders in a circle around the crankcase. Advantages: – It was light weight, powerful, inexpensive Disadvantages: – Consumed big sums of Castor oil and heavy rotating engine made it really hard to wing. V-type engine: – In this the cylinders are arranged in two in-line Bankss, tilted 30-60 grades apart from each other. Advantages: – Higher power-to-weight ration and supplying little frontal country. Disadvatages: – Radial engine: – This has one or more rows of cylinder arranged in ac circle around a centrally located crankcase. They have uneven figure of cylinders. Advatanges: – They are besides favourable power to burden ratio, and the radials tend to chill equally and runs swimmingly. Disadvantages: – Serious harm due to hydrostatic lock Opposed engine: – They have two Bankss of cylinders on opposite sides centrally placed crankcase. Advatages: – No jobs of hydrostatic lock, they run swimmingly. Disadvatages: – Chemical reaction engines: – Turbines: – Fanjet: – Turbofan/Jet engines: – The highest part of air power fuel is consumed by big aircraft with big engines. Rocket-powered: – Motorjet: – Pulsejet: – Ramjet: – Scramjet: – Cooling: – It is needed to chill the engines and to maintain the temperatures of the engine low to last. There are two types used for chilling they are Liquid chilling: – They use circulation pump to chill. They use a mixture of H2O and chemicals such as coolant and rust inhibitors. Propylene ethanediol, ethylene glycol combination of the old and H2O are used as coolant. In liquid chilling there are 4 types of system. Closed Ic engine chilling system Open Ic engine chilling system Open Ic engine with thermic energy recovery Semiclosed Ic engine chilling system Advantages: – Low emanations, low noise Large liquid-cooled engines can be built ( 107000hp ) Disadvantages: – The coolant is renewed sporadically. They cause engine harm due to stop dead at ordinary temperatures Air chilling: – It is used to vary chilling so the engine is neither excessively hot nor excessively cold. It regulates adjustable baffles in the air flow, a fan which operates either independently of the engine such as an electric fan, which has adjustable clasp, thermostatic valve or thermoregulator that can be used to barricade the coolant flow when excessively cool. The motor, coolant, and the heat money changer have some heat capacity which used to smooth out temperature additions in short dashs. Advantages: – Reliable even in utmost heat, less maintence cost, high emanations and high noise No engine harm from stop deading and do n't necessitate any coolant service Disadvantages: – Rapid wear, Expensive, Hot musca volitanss are hard to avoid. ` Merely little air-cooled engines can be build. ( 500kw ) Frost: – It causes to halt the operation of the parts and halt their operation. Airframe frost: – It is caused by seeable wet and temperatures conducive to it. As the aerofoil moves through the air, the venture consequence that creates lift besides cools the air as it flows over the aerofoil and signifiers wet and you have ice, even wet besides adds the chilling consequence. Icing is formed on the rotor blade is non seeable and besides on the windscreen Initiation frost: – It is build when the air consumptions ices over, or stop up up with ice that has built up on the surface similar to airframe frost. The status are same as the airframe. Carburetor frost: – It is caused on the carburettor. As the air passes through the venture, the wet contained in the air condenses on the interior of the carburettor in the country of the throttle home base. Besides as this air passes through the Venturi it is cooled enormously particularly as the fuel is introduced into the flow. Once the temperature inside the carburettor drops to stop dead, ice Begins to roll up. Manifold: – It is mounted transversally with airfoiled form and filled with the anti-icing/deicing fluid which causes unstable droplets to organize along the rear border of the manifold and to so drop downwards by gravitation and it is caused from little separated gaps, instead than spray externally. Fuel armored combat vehicles and cells: – It is used to hive away the fuel which is propelled by fuel pump or released by pressurized gas into engine. It is a safe container for flammable liquids. The stuff used in building is high-density polythene, metal which is of steel or aluminium. Types of fuel armored combat vehicles are Built-in: – These armored combat vehicles are inside the aircraft construction that has been sealed to let fuel storage. They are used to hive away fuel in the wings and tail of aeroplane. They are used in big aircraft. Rigid removable: – They are installed in a compartment designed to suit the armored combat vehicle. They are used in little aircraft. They are constructed with metal and they may be removed for review, replacing, or fix. Bladder: – These are reinforced rubberized bags installed in a subdivision of aircraft construction designed to suit the weight of the fuel. It is rolled up and installed into the compartment through the fuel filler cervix or entree panel, and is secured by agencies of metal buttons or catchs inside the compartment. Self-sealing fuel armored combat vehicles: – It automatically seals little holes or harm caused during combat operations. It is non a slug cogent evidence, simply puncture sealing.The natural stickness of gum elastic and the basic qualities of gum elastic and crude oil seal the hole. Fuel Cells: – It is an electrochemical cell that converts a beginning fuel into electric current. It generates electricity inside a cell through reactions between a fuel and an oxidizer, triggered in the presence of an electrolyte. The reactants flow into the cell and the reaction merchandises flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains within it. It can run continuously every bit long as the necessary reactant and oxidant flows are maintained. Drag: – It is simple force that opposes the gesture of an aircraft through the air. The other retarding forces produced by it are Entire retarding force: – It is the amount of the all retarding forces. The best-rate-of-climb velocity, minimal rate-of-decent velocity for autorotation, and maximal endurance velocity is attained which has low retarding force which is produced by airspeed. Profile retarding force: – It is formed from frictional opposition of the blades go throughing through the air. It increases with the airspeed. Induced retarding force: – It is formed from the higher angle of onslaught. In rotary-wing the retarding force is decreases with the increased velocity. Parasite retarding force: – It is formed from the nonlifting parts such as fuselage, cockpit, engine hoods, rotor hub, and set downing cogwheel, and tail roar. It increases with airspeed. Fairing: – It is a construction whose primary map is to bring forth a smooth lineation and cut down retarding force Types of Fairing Hood: – It is the covering of a chopper engine. It used to cut down the retarding force, air consumption for jet engines and for chilling by directing air flow. Tail cones: – To cut down the signifier retarding force of the fuselage, by retrieving the force per unit area behind it. For the design velocity they add no clash retarding force. Wheel bloomerss: – It is besides called as velocity fairings. They besides have the Important map of forestalling clay and rocks from being thrown upwards against the wings or fuselage, or into the propellor on a thruster trade. Flying roots: – To cut down intervention retarding force. It is on the top and below the wing which has a rounded border to cut down the surface and such clash retarding force. At the taking and draging border it consists of much larger taper, high force per unit area and low force per unit area on top of the wing and around the fuselage and smooths out the force per unit area differences. Flying tips: – They have complex form to cut down vortex coevals and so besides drag, particularly at low velocity. Fin and rudder tips: – To cut down turbulency at the tip Elevator and horizontal stabilizer tips: – To smooth air flow at the tips Strut-to-wing and strut-to-fuselage: – To cut down retarding force at these junctions Fixed set downing gear junctions: – To cut down retarding force at these junction Flap path fairings: – It is the cross-sectional country which changes swimmingly along the length of the aircraft. Smooth cods are placed on the tracking borders of the wings and are called anti-shocking organic structures, carrots, flap path fairings Body: – Tail roar: – It is attached to fuselage by four big bolts, supports the tail rotor, five, and synchronized lifts. It is tapering semi-monoque construction. It consist of Honeycomb panels: – These panels are used to insulate the aircraft from fire incursion. They are fabricated from a low modulus, carbon/phenolic honeycomb and thin, low modulus, pitch based carbon/phenolic face sheets. These panels were so processed into high thermic conduction, high modulus carbon-carbon composite constructions. And these are used alternatively of extra protection to wiring etc which cause more cost and weight. Longerons: – It is a thin strip of wood, metal or C fibre, to which the tegument of the aircraft is fastened. They are besides called frames in the instance of the fuselage, or ribs in the instance of a wing. If the longitudinal members in a fuselage are few in figure ( 4 to 8 ) so they are called longerons. They are closely spaced ( every 4to 6 in/10 to 15 centimeter ) . These are of larger cross-section when compared to stringers. They carry larger tonss, and they are attached to frames or ribs. Stingers: – If the longitudinal members are legion ( 50 to 100 ) so they are called stingers. In this system the longitudinal members are smaller and the frames are spaced farther apart ( 15 to 20 in/38 to 51 centimeter ) . They are non attached to anything but tegument. They are more weight efficient, more complex to build and analyse. House tail rotor thrust shaft: – Provides power to the tailrotor from the transmittal. Electrical equipment: – Tow blower: – It is used to supply forced air airing. Synchronized lifts: – It is located near the aft terminal of the tail roar and is connected by control tubings, bellcranks and mechanical linkage to the bow and aft cyclic control system. Fore and aft motion of the cyclic control stick produces a alteration in the synchronised lift attitude, therefore increasing controllability of the chopper Five: – Holds the tailrotor and provides sidelong stabilisation. Fuselage: – It is the chief organic structure subdivision that holds crew and riders. In single-engine aircraft it will normally incorporate an engine, although in some amphibian aircraft the individual engine is mounted on a pylon attached to the fuselage which in bend is used as a drifting hull. It is besides used to stableness of the aircraft and manoeuvrability.Rain Removal systems: –( I ) Shutoff valve: – Switch over to command valve on ECS panel, 28-VDC incidental coach. ( two ) Thermo switch: – Located in windscreen and controls air blending valve to keep temperature on windscreen of 100 _+50F ( 38+-30 ) to 125 _+50F ( 52+_30 ) . ( three ) Air mixing/clearing valve: – Electronically/thermally controlled and pneumatically operated to keep proper temperature of air to forestall windshield harm. ( four ) Duct: – Screened recess on left side of olfactory organ for ambient air entryway to air mixing/clearing valve. ( V ) Drain valve: – Low point in system to run out condensation when system is away. Operates automatically.Wire work stoppage protection system: –It is designed to protect the choppers from wire abstructions at low degrees of flight. It consists of ( I ) Window channel: – ( two ) Stonecutter assembly Upper cutter: – It is mounted on top of the pilot station, forward of the ADF cringle aerial. Lower cutter: – It is mounted on the forward fuselage, under the ammo compartment. Chin cutter: – It is mounted under the nose, merely forward of the artilleryman station. ( three ) Nose deflector: – Composite stuff: – Composite stuff is of two types they are Glass fiber reinforced plastics: – It consists of glass fibers dispersed within a polymeric matrix, which is used to adhere the fibers together, leting any external emphasiss to be conveyed and distributed to fibers and being malleable, comparatively soft and with a high malleability, and besides used to forestall cleft extension between fibers. The belongingss are dependent on the fibre way and such sheets are anisotropic. Anisotropic is nil but material physical belongingss. Advantages: – Lightness, bargain rate and more strength Their chemical inertness besides make them extremely desirable for usage in rotor blades Disadvantages: – They lack stiffness Carbon fiber reinforced plastics: – These fibers are manufactured from polyacrylonitrile ( PAN ) , pitch and rayon and as a consequence they have the highest specific modulus of all reenforcing fibre stuffs. Specific modulus is nil but it gives an indicant of a stuff ‘s stiffness for a given mass or denseness of the stuff. A high stiffness/low denseness is really desirable in aerospace applications, for weight economy. These composite stuffs are used because they have good strength-to-density rations which are four or six times greater than steel or aluminum. And besides lighter than metals, easy to joined with adhesives, simplifying assembly. And these are used in creative activity of blades which are other than subjected to highly rough conditions. The conditions are both operational and environmental. Rotational tip speeds of about 200 m/s, and rolling during flight, are coupled with extreme in both humidness and temperature. The latter can change from -400c to +900c. So, the complexs can be made to carry through these belongings demands